Portuguese Expansion
Background Ottoman Empire monopoly over trade Precedents Crusades Ming dynasty Religion
Henry the Navigator Portuguese Prince Search to find a new route to Asia 1418, sent out observers Reached western bulge of Africa
Bartholomew Dias 1488, Round the tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope”
Vasco de Gama 1498 sets out for India Reaches Calicut, India Establishes trading posts Second voyage, 1502-1503 Ventures as far as China
Muslim Reaction 1509, major skirmish Egyptian-Turk-Arabs Muslim fleets decimated Portuguese use superior ships Caravel
South America Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 1500 Portuguese claim Brazil Native tribes Colonization begun 1534 Export sugar Import slaves
Spanish Explorations
Unification of Spain Initially several states Mostly Muslim Ferdinand and Isabel’s marriage Defeated Muslim leader, Abu-al-Hasan Unite various states into Spain
Catholic Spain Spanish Inquisition Converso (conversions) or expellsiun
Ambitions to Go Abroad Severed relations with Ottoman Empire Portugal found route around Africa Decided not to go northward Only other option: Westward across the Atlantic Ocean
Christopher Columbus Conflicting reports Based research off of Marco Polo Miscalculated circumference of the Earth Quest for a donor
Columbus’ Voyages 1492 1493 1498 1502
Spain and Portugal Rivalries Pope Alexander VI Treaty of Tordesilla (1449)
Conquest of the Aztecs Cortes arrives in 1519 Initially amicable relationship Kills off huge percentage of Aztec population Disrupted Aztec tribute system
Conquest of the Incas 1533, first encounter Emperor Arahaulpa Conquistador Francisco Pizarro Disease decimates Inca civilization
Philip II Known as the Siglo de Oro Co-ruled with his crazy sister Conquered most of Portuguese Empire Devoutly Roman Catholic
Crusade Against the Muslims Invaded Northern Africa in 1567 Pushed back Muslim forces (buffer zone) 1570, uprooting of Muslims 1571, Pope calls for Holy War against Ottoman Empire
English-Spanish Warfare Henry VIII initially married to Catherine of Aragon Philip tried to create a marriage alliance with Elizabeth I When this failed, invaded in 1585 Spanish Armada badly defeated
Atlantic Slave Trade
Background Definition? As old as civilization Aristotle Rome and Plantations Muslims and African slave trade
Why Was Atlantic Slave Trade Worse Staggering Numbers 1500-1880 12 million people sold Sent to Caribbean, Brazil, United States
Acquisition of Slaves Africa, series of civilizations Africans captured during war sold into slave trade Economic commodity Shipped to the Americas
Life of a Slave Sold on the market Work and terror Household or agricultural work In Brazil, harvested sugar cane
Life Expectancies Brazil – live to about 23 Live longer in U.S. and British colonies Resulted in other problems