Portuguese Expansion

Background Ottoman Empire monopoly over trade Precedents Crusades Ming dynasty Religion

Henry the Navigator Portuguese Prince Search to find a new route to Asia 1418, sent out observers Reached western bulge of Africa

Bartholomew Dias 1488, Round the tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope”

Vasco de Gama 1498 sets out for India Reaches Calicut, India Establishes trading posts Second voyage, 1502-1503 Ventures as far as China

Muslim Reaction 1509, major skirmish Egyptian-Turk-Arabs Muslim fleets decimated Portuguese use superior ships Caravel

South America Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 1500 Portuguese claim Brazil Native tribes Colonization begun 1534 Export sugar Import slaves

Spanish Explorations

Unification of Spain Initially several states Mostly Muslim Ferdinand and Isabel’s marriage Defeated Muslim leader, Abu-al-Hasan Unite various states into Spain

Catholic Spain Spanish Inquisition Converso (conversions) or expellsiun

Ambitions to Go Abroad Severed relations with Ottoman Empire Portugal found route around Africa Decided not to go northward Only other option: Westward across the Atlantic Ocean

Christopher Columbus Conflicting reports Based research off of Marco Polo Miscalculated circumference of the Earth Quest for a donor

Columbus’ Voyages 1492 1493 1498 1502

Spain and Portugal Rivalries Pope Alexander VI Treaty of Tordesilla (1449)

Conquest of the Aztecs Cortes arrives in 1519 Initially amicable relationship Kills off huge percentage of Aztec population Disrupted Aztec tribute system

Conquest of the Incas 1533, first encounter Emperor Arahaulpa Conquistador Francisco Pizarro Disease decimates Inca civilization

Philip II Known as the Siglo de Oro Co-ruled with his crazy sister Conquered most of Portuguese Empire Devoutly Roman Catholic

Crusade Against the Muslims Invaded Northern Africa in 1567 Pushed back Muslim forces (buffer zone) 1570, uprooting of Muslims 1571, Pope calls for Holy War against Ottoman Empire

English-Spanish Warfare Henry VIII initially married to Catherine of Aragon Philip tried to create a marriage alliance with Elizabeth I When this failed, invaded in 1585 Spanish Armada badly defeated

Atlantic Slave Trade

Background Definition? As old as civilization Aristotle Rome and Plantations Muslims and African slave trade

Why Was Atlantic Slave Trade Worse Staggering Numbers 1500-1880 12 million people sold Sent to Caribbean, Brazil, United States

Acquisition of Slaves Africa, series of civilizations Africans captured during war sold into slave trade Economic commodity Shipped to the Americas

Life of a Slave Sold on the market Work and terror Household or agricultural work In Brazil, harvested sugar cane

Life Expectancies Brazil – live to about 23 Live longer in U.S. and British colonies Resulted in other problems