Note to Instructor: Internet connection is required to access media assets. No connection? Request a CD/DVD for Wiley owned CyberPsych assets. The following Media-Enriched PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 11 in Visualizing Psychology. Before presenting these slides, delete all instructor information slides by pressing “delete” on your keyboard. These slides also include links to simulations, animations, and resources on the World Wide Web (www). Please return to this Instructor Companion Site for frequent updates and replacements of broken links. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets WWW Links are dispersed throughout the PowerPoint slides where appropriate and are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Animations are Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The animations are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Psychology in the News Video Clips are also Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The video clips are indicated by this icon: ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): If you prefer a different background color or design, click on the upper right corner under “design” and select an alternative template. To further personalize and enrich your presentation, check the Visualizing Psychology Instructor Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/carpenter for supplemental figures, tables, key terms, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Note to Instructor (Continued): Each topic on the Lecture Outline slide (#6) has been linked for your convenience. When in “presentation mode,” simply click on the topic and you will link directly to the slide(s) of interest. Finally, the last slide of each topic includes a “home” icon , which will return you to the original Lecture Outline slide. This feature enables you to present chapter topics in any order. Ease of navigation and flexibility in presentation are key elements of an enriched PowerPoint presentation. Enjoy! ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Lecture Overview Theories and Concepts of Motivation Motivation and Behavior of Emotion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Important Definition Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation) Biological Theories: Instinct--inborn, unlearned behaviors universal to species explain motivation Drive-Reduction--internal tensions “push” toward satisfying basic needs Arousal--motivated toward optimal level of arousal ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Drive-Reduction Theory ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Arousal Theory People seek an optimal level of arousal that maximizes their performance. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.) Psychosocial Theories: Incentive—motivation results from the “pull” of external environmental stimuli Cognitive—motivation affected by attributions and expectations ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Motivation: (Major Theories of Motivation Cont.) Biopsychosocial Theory: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: interaction of biological, psychological, and social needs; lower motives (physiological and safety) must be met before higher needs (belonging, self-esteem) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review Eating to reduce hunger is a good example of the _____ theory of motivation. The _____ theory of motivation explains why we might eat a slice of pumpkin pie after consuming a heavy holiday dinner. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating The rat on the left had the ventromedial area of its hypothalamus destroyed. Biological factors: stomach, biochemistry, the brain Note the size difference in these rats. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior— Hunger and Eating Psychological factors: visual cues, cultural conditioning ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders Obesity appears to result from numerous biological and psychosocial factors. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are both characterized by an overwhelming fear of becoming obese and explained by multiple biological and psychosocial factors. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Hunger and Eating--Eating Disorders ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Now that you have a better understanding of the motivational factors behind hunger and eating, how can this information be helpful in maintaining a healthy weight? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior—Achievement Characteristics of a high need for achievement (nAch): Prefers moderately difficult tasks Competitive Prefers clear goals with competent feedback Prefers responsibility Persistent More accomplished ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review Briefly explain how anorexia nervosa differs from bulimia nervosa. What are the chief identifying characteristics of people with a high need for achievement (nAch)? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality Masters and Johnson’s Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Phase: increasing levels of arousal and engorgement Plateau Phase: leveling off of high arousal Orgasm Phase: pleasurable release of tension Resolution Phase: return to nonaroused state ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) Sexual Orientation: primary erotic attraction toward members of same sex (homosexual, gay, or lesbian), both sexes (bisexual), or other sex (heterosexual) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) Current Research on Homosexuality: Genetics--twin studies suggest hereditary influence on sexual orientation Prenatal hormones--affect fetal brain development and sexual orientation Note: Ultimate causes of sexual orientation unknown, but genetics and biology are believed to play dominant roles. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Motivation and Behavior – Sexuality (Continued) Sexual Prejudice: negative attitudes toward an individual because of her of his sexual orientation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation-- extrinsic rewards may lower interest and motivation. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion—Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Emotion Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, and expressions Three Components of Emotion Physiological--arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Physiological Component and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Emotion Three Components of Emotion (Continued) Cognitive--thoughts, values and expectations Behavioral--expressions, gestures, and body positions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Emotion Can you identify the social smile versus the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes and cheeks. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Emotion— Four Theories of Emotion James-Lange: emotions occur after arousal Cannon-Bard: arousal and emotion occur simultaneously Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal and specific emotions Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal leads to search for label and then emotion occurs ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Theories and Concepts of Emotion: Overview of Four Theories of Emotion ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Can You Explain Why Pleasant Feelings Increase When Teeth Show? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

What Theory of Emotion is Portrayed in this Figure? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? An understanding of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation can help you restructure your home, family, work, and college environment to maximize intrinsic rewards, which will increase your enjoyment and persistence in important tasks. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Culture, Evolution, and Emotion Cultural similarities and differences: 7 to10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, and where to express emotions Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression and decoding ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion— The Polygraph Polygraph: measures changes in emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying versus truthfulness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Critical Thinking about Motivation and Emotion- The Polygraph The subject’s response on the GSR does rise in response to the second question. But remember that error rates on the polygraph range from 25% to 75%. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review According to the _____ theory of emotions, we see a bear, our hearts race, and we run for cover. Then we feel afraid. The _____ primarily measures arousal and the physiological component of emotions. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology