Conservation planning Vietnam Complementing a Protected Areas Network for Vietnam Student Number: Hypothetical student ess333 practical arts faculty November 2018 This is a hypothetical Answer Sheet. I have put yellow explanation notes as to a typical mark. Please use this template to answer your Practical Exam Question. There is a zipped folder on the PC Desktop marked BDC332 or ESS333 with the appropriate starting data 23. Ensure you have YOUR STUDENT NUMBER on the Title Page and this PowerPoint file is renamed to reflect your student number and the country you analysed. The completed PowerPoint needs to be put back into the same FOLDER the data is. The data includes that downloaded from IUCN Red Data List, DIVA GIS, WWF Ecoregions, Protected Planet, and ESRI. You may add images but please credit/attribute them using an in-text numbering system and a reference list on the final page. ESS Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Location of Vietnam Legend Map is neat but it lacks detail No Capital Cities Vietnam should be highlighted No Overview Map Clear Legend, Good Caption has Scale and Direction 8/10 Prepare a location map using your GIS with a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a figure caption. Your map should include neighbouring countries and their Capital cities. Fig 1 Vietnam is located in Asia. Vietnam’s area extends about 1,650 km from north to south and is about 50 km wide east to west at its narrowest part. It is bordered by China to the north, the South China Sea to the east and south, the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest, and Cambodia and Laos to the west (The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2014).

Biodiversity description This description is comprehensive It is worked from general to specific It has included threats It could have included Terrestrial Ecoregions 17/20 Vietnam Is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Estimated 94.6 million inhabitants as of 2016 The world's 14th most populous country Vietnam is one of the world’s most biologically diverse countries 10% of the world’s mammal, bird and fish species in habitation. Forty percent of local plant species exist only in Vietnam Vietnam is classified as a top priority under USAID’s Biodiversity Policy. The economy of Vietnam is the 47th largest economy in the world measured. Well known for traditions and cultures Vietnam is regarded as a poor country Main features of economic development: The production of goods (1986-1995) Introduction Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country’s biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

Biodiversity description 1 of 25 Countries to possess uniquely high biodiversity. (2005 National Environnemental Présent Condition Report) Vietnam's fauna and Flora include: 307 nematode species, 8000 arthropods and insects, 260 reptiles, 120 amphibians, 840 birds (100 endemic) 310 mammals (78 endemic) 5,986 species of flora (10% are endemic) Six new mammal species, including the saola, giant muntjac and Tonkin snub-nosed monkey have also been discovered, along with one new bird species, the endangered Edwards's pheasant. The Vietnam National Cultivar Gene Bank preserves 12,300 cultivars of 115 species. The Vietnamese government spent US$49.07 million on the preservation of biodiversity in 2004 alone, and has established 126 conservation areas, including 28 national parks Introduction Source: Báo cáo Hiện trạng môi trường quốc gia 2005" (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on 23 February 2009.

Biodiversity description Threats/Human Impacts Significant changes in land use, characterized by massive infrastructure development, extension of land for agricultural and industrial plantations, introduction of alien species and climate change. Industry has put pressure on freshwater ecosystems, Mega infrastructure projects (e.g. construction of dams for irrigation and hydropower) \ and to dysfunctional ecological processes in lagoons, resulting in changes in water circulation and facilitating saltwater intrusion into rivers Rapid changes in recent years, leading to economic growth for the country but also to the loss of biodiversity Increased poverty, and food insecurity among the rural poor. An August 15 seminar in Hanoi has warned the 80% reduction in Vietnamese mangrove forest area and 96% of coral reefs seriously damaged over the past five decades pose significant threats to the country’s biodiversity. Introduction Biodiversity Description: In summarized point form describe the country’s biodiversity capital (assets) and threats to its biodiversity conservation. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO EXPLAIN THIS SECTION.

CURRENT PROTECTED AREAS Vietnam has a total of 209 protected areas. Of a total land area of 329,880.371 km2 Only 24 994. km2 (7.78%) is conserved Fig 2 Map of the current Protected Areas Network in Vietnam Methods Well prepared 10/10 Well prepared 10/10 Prepare a map of the current Protected Areas Network. The prepared map should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Data Source: https://protectedplanet.net/

How to Save the species? Preparing DISTRIBUTION MAPS: Find distribution ranges of endemic, rare and important species found in the country Point Data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility Using DIVA GIS prepare Ecological Niche Models Assign conservation target percentages and Species Penalty Scores for each species. I.e. how much of their distribution to protect. Prepare Conservation Planning Units Assess current protected areas to see if the given targets are being met within existing Protected Areas Network Use MARXAN to identify complements to the existing Protected Areas Methods

CONSERVATION TARGETS (25% threshold) Well prepared but should have included if they were endemic or what. Included Conservation Targets and Species Penalty Factors Is prepare as genuine Boolean Raster 18/20 Conservation Target 30% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Small Toothed Mole Euroscaptor parvidens Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 3 Distribution map of Euroscaptor parvidens.

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 30% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Osgood’s Rat Rattus osgoodi Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 4 Distribution map of Rattus osgoodi

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 30% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Tonkin snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus avunculus Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 5 Distribution map of Rhinopithecus avunculus

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 30% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Delacour's langur Trachypithecus delacouri Fig 6 Distribution map of Trachypithecus delacouri

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 25% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Gray-shanked douc Pygathrix cinerea Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 7 Distribution map of Pygathrix cinerea

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 25% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 8 Distribution map of Trachypitheous hatinhens

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 30% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Van Sung's shrew Chodsigoa caovansunga Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 9 Distribution map of Chodsigoa caovansunga

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 50% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Annamite Water bat Myotis annamiticus Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 10 Distribution map of Myotis annamiticus

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 40% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Muntjac Deer Muntiacus puhoatensis Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 11 Distribution map of Muntiacus puhoatensis

CONSERVATION TARGETS Percentage and Species penalty factors 60% Species Penalty Factor 10 Methods Vietnam mouse-deer Tragulus versicolor Prepare a map of Conservation Targets: Identify at least TEN potential conservation targets that are suitable for a national conservation plan for your selected country in the context of their contribution to a global biodiversity conservation strategy. Targets need to be prepared as individual Boolean RASTER distribution maps. Please provide Species Penalty Factors for each Target. YOU MAY USE SEVERAL SLIDES TO SHOW these Conservation Targets. The folder contains zipped files that you select from or you can go to the IUCN Red data website to get other data (http://www.iucnredlist.org/ ). The prepared maps should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 12 Distribution map of Tragulus versicolor

CONSERVATION planning units (ecological) ___________________________________________________________________________________ Ecological Conservation Planning Units is based on intersecting the WWF Ecoregions and River Basins (Water Sheds). Used Arcview to intersect the WWF Ecoregions and River Basins using the Geo-processing wizard. Using a Boolean Country and Boolean Algebra the background is cleaned up and set to Zero. Methods Well prepared 10/10

Vietnam Terrestrial ecoregions Legend Methods Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 14 There are 14 terrestrial ecoregions that are present in Vietnam

Methods Vietnam river basins Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS Fig 15 Map showing the River Basins (Catchment Areas) for Vietnam

CONSERVATION planning units (ecological) Methods Fig 16 A map of the ecological planning units. The ecological planning unit focuses on the ecological aspect of the area such as catchments, elevation and rainfall Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS

CONSERVATION planning units (Systematic) Methods Prepare maps representing BOTH SYSTEMATIC and ECOLOGICAL PLANNING UNITS. You should prepare ONE slide for each type of Planning Units and explain how you prepared the Planning Units. The prepared map(s) should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 17 Map of the systematic planning units. The systematic approach worked best as it divides the country into equal hexagons

CONSERVATION planning Assessment tenure Land Tenure Assessment file prepared for Marxan analysis of Vietnam’s current protected area network. This file allows us to determine how effective Vietnams current protected area is at meeting our conservation targets (25% threshold) Methods Well prepared 10/10 Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the efficiency of the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 18 Vietnam’s Land Tenure Assessment

CONSERVATION planning tenure Evaluating Protected areas Land tenure file is used in Marxan as a template from which suggested additions to the current protected area network will be determined to meet our conservation targets. Methods Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the efficiency of the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS. Fig 19 Vietnam’s Land Tenure File

CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan STEPS ___________________________________________________________________________________ Possibly add cost layer if it’s required Change repeat runs to 1000 Make boundary length modifier 2 Select Annealing followed by iterative improvement Make cost threshold 1600, penalty = 9 for A and 2 for B Run Marxan Use maps and text files as results Insert species Booleans, give an output and continue Repeat runs = 1 Species missing if proportion lower than = 0,95 Select only use heuristic Run Marxan Redo the process but replace tenure assess map with tenure map Install the Marxan 1.8.1 application if needed Click on Habitat and biodiversity modeller Click on planning then Marxan input & Output Planning Unit Layer = hexagons or watershed Planning Unit Tenure Layer = Tenure assess map Methods

CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan ___________________________________________________________________________________ The running of Marxan would have resulted in an analysis of two things. Firstly an assessment of the current protected areas network to see if the conservation targets are being met within the current existing network And secondly, to determine suitable locations where additional protected areas could be added to ensure that species targets are met A cost surface layer would have also determine how much it would be to create these new protected areas based on the distance of the planning unit from populated areas The results of marxan therefore represents the best possible locations where new protected areas could be established, that would firstly maximize the amount of targets saved, whilst minimizing the cost to do so. Methods Well prepared 10/10 Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the complement (what needs to be added) to the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan ___________________________________________________________________________________ The conservation areas could be used to meet the conservation targets at a minimal coast. A conservation map was generated by first creating bioclimate true/false ecological niche models in diva Marxan is a software program which identifies weak conservation areas. Niche modules imported into IDRISI Methods Using the planning units and tenure file shows what areas may be considered, what is already conserved and what may not be considered such as artificial areas Marxan software was run using each Planning Unit map, the species booleans and the two tenure maps All maps were captured with the PrtSc and Scale bars & North Arrows were added These were imputed into marxan and run according to the conservation targets

CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan Land Change Modeler in IDRISI 32 was used to perform the Marxan Analysis of Vietnams Current Protected Area Network. Methods Prepare a Conservation Planning Tenures Map to ASSESS the complement (what needs to be added) to the EXISTING Protected Area Network: This needs to be prepared as a SINGLE ANNOTATED map which should include a title, scale bar, North direction, a comprehensive legend and a fully descriptive caption. DO NOT DISTORT THE MAPS.

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan 10 targets Methods Our tenure assessment, systematic planning units, and conservation targets were used to assess Vietnams current protected area network (using Heuristic run mode) and how effective it is at meeting the 25% threshold for our 10 targets. Use this slide and simple drawings or flow diagrams to explain the core concepts of MARXAN. Ensure proper annotation and include a descriptive caption.

Systematic CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan Methods Marxan was then re-run with new boundary cost parameters and using just the land tenure file. The Simulated Annealing run mode was used followed by Iterative Improvement. The output provides MARXANS most efficient way to meet the 25% target threshold of the 10 conservation targets with the most cost effective additions to the current protected area network.

CONSERVATION planning Explaining Marxan ___________________________________________________________________________________ Methods Target %: How much of a species need to be conserved (usually 10%) Species penalty factor: Is a value given to targets to indicate its importance for inclusion in the reserve network where higher the value the more likely that the target will be met.

Sources of data, attribution and acknowledgements ArcView GIS 3.3 IDRISI 32 DIVA GIS Marxan www.gbif.org www.protectedplanet.net http://www.iucnredlist.org/ www.diva-gis.org/gdata http://www.earthsendangered.com/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main­_Page Eastman, JR. 2001. Guide to GIS and image processing. Vol1: 1-144. Clark Labs 2 UNEP-WCMC (2016). Global statistics from the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. Coad, L. et al. (2015). Measuring impact of protected area management interventions: current and future use of the Global Database of Protected Area Management Effectiveness. Phil. Trand. R. Soc. B 370:20140281 References Well prepared 10/10 Ensure you provide full credit to source of information, Programs used, and referencing/attribution of referenced material. You may use more than one slide to prepared this section.