Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds COVALENT BONDS Compounds that have: Carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, chlorine OR fluorine COVALENT BONDS Can be natural (ex. sugar) or synthetic (ex. plastic)
Organic molecules All contain CARBON Can covalently bond w/ 4 other atoms Holds electrons tightly: forms STRONG BONDS
Chemical Composition Living organisms = 50‑95% water The rest = CHNOPS Less than 1/2% = vital ions Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, etc.
4 Major Groups of Organic Molecules Essential to Living Things ELEMENTS BUILDING BLOCKS Carbohydrates - 2 (C H O) (2 8) Monosaccharides Lipids C H O 3 Fatty Acids 1 glycerol Proteins C H O N + "R" GROUPS Amino Acids Nucleic Acids C H O N P Nucleotides (Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate)
Carbohydrates (sugars) (CH2O)(2-8) basic formula Simple sugars = quick energy source Glucose, fructose Form rings when in water
Disaccharides Transport molecules Sucrose (sap in plants) Lactose, Maltose
Polysaccharides Storage (starches) Structural support (cellulose, chitin)
Monomers to Polymers Condensation links single units Saves space Hydrolysis breaks chains apart Releases energy
Saccharide Formation Condensation links monosaccharides
Starches Main storage molecules in plants Chains of simple sugars that must be broken down before they can be used
Glycogen Main storage molecule in animals Stored in muscles Broken down when glucose is no longer available
Lipids (fats, oils, and waxes) LONG hydrocarbon chains, that are insoluble in water (nonpolar) Fats store energy 6 times better than starch, carry more energy-rich bonds Fatty acid - carbon chain + carboxyl unit
Fats Glycerol 3 fatty acids Joined by conden- sation
Saturated Vs. Unsaturated Saturated = single bonds ONLY in carbon chain Carbons “saturated” w/ hydrogen Unsaturated = double or triple bonds Unsaturated Saturated
Blubber Fats that DON'T get converted Vital as an insulating layer Fats around organs aren’t converted Shock absorbers
Steroids Cholesterol (saturated) “Parent” molecule of many steriods
Proteins Can form enzymes Act as organic catalysts Allow reactions to occur in living bodies at safe temperatures
Nucleotides (DNA, RNA) Nitrogenous base + sugar + phosphate molecule Form the code of life
Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides (Condensation Reaction) Lipids Fats, Oils, Waxes (Saturated vs. Unsaturated) Proteins Chains of Amino Acids (20 different amino acids) Enzymes Nucleic Acids DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Nucleotides (Sugar, Phosphate, Base)