Respiration 1 Respiration

Respiration 3 Learning objectives By the end of this presentation you should be able to: Explain the use of energy Understand what respiration is Describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Use of Energy Respiration 4 Movement : muscle contraction Making new substances from small molecules, such as proteins from amino acids Growth and Repair : putting substances together to make new cells Active transport : moving substances against concentration gradient Nerve impulses : energy is needed for nerve cells to move messages (impulses) Heat : to keep mammals and birds at constant temperature

Respiration (Animals) All organisms require energy. Animals eat food rich in fats and starch. The digestive system break it into smaller molecules such as glucose. Glucose is absorbed into cells. Respiration is when exercise causes muscles to release energy in the form of glucose. Respiration takes place in the cytoplasm of cells, in the mitochondria. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration convert glucose into energy.

Respiration 5 The body can use both types of respiration depending on the intensity of the exercise.

Respiration 8 Aerobic respiration During aerobic respiration your heart and lungs work to supply the muscles with oxygen. Oxygen is carried by blood and diffuses into the cells. Glucose also travels into the cells by the blood.

glucose + oxygen = CO2 + H2O + energy Respiration 9 The equation for respiration is: glucose + oxygen = CO2 + H2O + energy The chemical energy is transferred into a substance called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). However, only small amount of the energy is transferred to ATP and 60 % is given off as heat. This is why muscles warm up when they are working hard. ATP moves can move around the cell to take small packets of energy to all reactions that need it.

Aerobic respiration Respiration 8 In plants ,sugars are formed by photosynthesis. In Plants, sugars are carried by phloem tissue, which is found in the veins of leaves and stems. Oxygen diffuse to all cells through the surface of the plant. Respiration 8

Photosynthesis Plants make their own food by taking in substances from their surroundings (the environment). Plants use light energy to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. The equation for the photosynthesis is: carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen

Anaerobic respiration During anaerobic respiration the muscles are NOT supplied with oxygen. The glucose is only partly broken down. Only little energy is converted to ATP. Most of the energy is left in the remaining substance which is lactic acid. glucose + NO oxygen lactic acid + energy

Lactic acid Lactic acid is a poison. It builds up slowly during exercise that is up to 75% of maximum work rate.  During higher intensity work it builds up much more quickly. Lactic acid can also occur when glycogen stores begin to run low in the muscles after prolonged exercise. After a while lactic acid makes the muscles ache.  It will eventually cause cramp and the muscles will stop working.  Athletes need to rest while the blood brings fresh supplies of oxygen.  

Uses of anaerobic Respiration 1- Brewing (make beer): In brewing beer, a sugary product (malt) is dissolved out of germinating barley Yeast is added to this solution and fermentation begins, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide Some of the carbon dioxide escapes but the rest dissolves in the beer when it is bottled or put into casks When the bottles or casks are opened, the dissolved CO2 escapes as bubbles

Uses of anaerobic Respiration 2-Bread Making: In baking, yeast (microscopic fungus) is added to a mixture of flour and water, made into the form of a dough The yeast converts the food/fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide The CO2 forms bubbles in the dough which cause it to expand (‘rise’). When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates the alcohol but makes the trapped bubbles expand giving the bread a ‘light’ texture

Beer fermenting 34 ©Stuart Boreham/CEPHAS The carbon dioxide bubbles plus some of the beer constituents produce a dense froth on top of the beer. The fermentation vessel is an old-fashioned open type. ©Stuart Boreham/CEPHAS

The Respiratory System The following structures can be found in the human thorax (The ribs and upper backbone, and the organs found in the chest.): Trachea : bronchi (left and right bronchus) Alveoli (tiny air sacs of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous exchange) Ribs (rib cage protects the lungs and heart as well.) intercostal muscles: are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall pleural membranes : pleural membranes surround the lungs, Diaphragm : main muscle of respiration

The Respiratory System

Breathing In and Breathing Out Week 2

DURING INHALATION RIB CAGE MOVES UPWARD AND OUTWARD DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS, MOVES DOWNWARDS AND FLATTENS Air pressure Thoracic cavity becomes bigger. The higher air pressure outside forces air to flow into the lung.

During exhalation RIB CAGE MOVES DOWNWARDS AND INWARDS DIAPHRAGM EXPANDS AND CURVES UPWARDS Air pressure Thoracic cavity becomes smaller. The higher air pressure in the lung forces the air out.

Graph Reading and analysis Use the graph to answer the following questions

Graph Reading and analysis As the exercise difficulty increased, what happened to oxygen uptake?

Graph Reading and analysis Between what level of difficulty did the uptake reach 2?

Goblet Cells