Meat and Bones The Musculoskeletal System Chapter 10 Meat and Bones The Musculoskeletal System

The Musculoskeletal System The musculoskeletal system consists of two systems that work together to support the body and allow for movement of the animal the skeletal system = bones, joints, cartilage, and various connective tissues the muscular system = muscles and various connective tissues

The Skeletal System The skeletal system consists of bone, joints, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage Bones form the framework that supports and protects the body aid in body movement function to form blood cells store and release minerals like calcium Joints aid in movement of the body Cartilage protects the ends of bones where they contact each other

Bones Bone is one of the hardest tissues in the body Combining forms for bone are oste/o oss/e oss/i Bones start as cartilage and fibrous membranes that harden into bone before birth The formation of bone from fibrous tissue is known as ossification

Types of Bones Cortical bone is the hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone cortex means bark or shell in Latin also known as compact bone Cancellous bone is the lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bone cancellous = latticework in Latin also known as spongy bone

Long Bone Terms Long bones consist of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity Examples of long bones are the femur, humerus, tibia, and radius Bone word parts epi- = above physis = growth dia- = between peri- = surrounding -um = structure endo- = within or inner meta- = beyond

Cartilage Cartilage is a form of connective tissue that is more elastic than bone The combining form for cartilage is chondr/o Articular cartilage is a type of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bone The meniscus is a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints provides additional cushioning

Joints Joints are connections between bones Joints are also known as articulations The combining form for joint is arthr/o Joints are classified based on their degree of movement synarthroses immovable amphiarthroses slightly movable diathroses freely movable

Ligaments and Tendons Ligaments are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect one bone to another ligament/o is the combining form for ligament Tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o are combining forms for tendon

The Skeleton The skeleton is divided into two parts: The axial skeleton protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems The axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum The appendicular skeleton is the framework that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle Appen means to add or hang The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the front and hind limbs

The Axial Skeleton The cranium is the portion of the skull that encloses the brain The combining form for skull is crani/o The skull also has air- or fluid-filled spaces called sinuses

The Axial Skeleton The vertebral column supports the head and body and provides protection for the spinal cord The vertebral column is comprised of individual bones called vertebra The combining forms for vertebra are spondyl/o and vertebr/o Vertebrae is the plural form

Parts of a Vertebra Vertebrae are divided into parts: body arch lamina vertebral foramen processes spinous process transverse process articular process

Other Axial Skeleton Parts Ribs Combining form is cost/o Sternum manubrium body xiphoid process

The Appendicular Skeleton Front limb scapula clavicle humerus radius ulna carpal bones metacarpal bones phalanges

The Appendicular Skeleton Hind limb pelvis femur patella tibia fibula tarsal bones metatarsal bones phalanges

Pelvic Bones The bones of the pelvis include ilium ischium pubis acetabulum— the bony part of the socket joint

The Muscular System Muscles are organs that contract to produce movement Muscles are responsible for ambulation control of organs and tissues pumping of blood generation of heat

Muscles Muscles are made up of long, slender cells called muscle fibers Each muscle consists of a group of muscle fibers in a fibrous sheath my/o is the combining form for muscle fibr/o and fibros/o are combining forms for fibrous tissue

Structures Associated with Muscles Fascia is a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles fasci/o and fasc/i are combining forms for fascia Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscle to bone tend/o, tendin/o, and ten/o are combining forms for tendon Aponeurosis is a fibrous sheet that gives attachment to muscular fibers and serves as a means of origin and insertion of a flat muscle aponeur/o is the combining form for aponeurosis

Muscle Terms kinesio/o and -kinesis mean movement anti- = against Kinesiology is the study of movement anti- = against agon = struggle Antagonistic muscles work against or opposite other muscles syn = together erg = work Synergist muscles work with other muscles to produce movement

Naming Muscles Muscle movement terms Muscle location terms abductor adductor flexor extensor levator depressor rotator supinator pronator Muscle location terms pectoral epaxial intercostal infraspinatus

Naming Muscles Muscle size terms Muscle fiber directional terms rectus oblique transverse sphincter Number of muscle division terms biceps triceps quadriceps Muscle size terms minimus maximus major minor latissimus longissimus Muscle shape terms deltoid quadratus rhomboideus

Muscles Named by Location frontalis – frontal bone lateralis – lateral or on the side tibialis anterior – front of tibia fibularis longus – near fibula supra – above infra – below sub - underneath

Muscles Named by Shape deltoid – triangle Latissimus – wide teres - round trapezius – trapezoid serratus –saw-toothe orbicularis – circular

Muscles Named by Size Size: maximus – largest minimis – smallest vastus - huge longus – longest brevis – short major – large minor – small Example: Pectoralis Major

Muscles Named by Direction of Fibers Direction/Orientation: rectus (straight) - parallel to the muscle’s long axis ex: rectus abdominis transversus (transverse) – at right angles to the muscle’s long axis oblique – diagonal

Muscles Named for Number of Origins biceps – two origins ex: biceps brachii triceps – three origins ex: triceps brachii quadriceps – four origins

Muscles Named for Origin and Insertion Points sterno = sternum cleiodo = clavicle mastoid = location on the temporal bone sternocleiodomastoid muscle

Muscles Named for Action flexor carpi radialis – flexes wrist abductor magnus – abducts the thigh extensor digitorum – extends the fingers levator – lifts a structure