Constitutional Monarchy in England

Background Magna Carta: Limits power of English king 1215 King & Parliament fight over power and money Parliament only meets at request of king Protestants & Catholics fight over Church of England

James I (r.1603-1625) Strong believer in Divine Right Wrote The Trew Law of Free Monarchies (1598) Wants Anglican Church to be a middle road Despite Puritans demands to rid church of “excess” Refuses to dismiss Bishops “No Bishop, No King” Does consent to a new translation of the Bible The Authorized Version or King James Version

Charles I (r.1625-1649) War with Spain & France forces Charles to call parliament for money Parliament wants certain promises in return Signs “Petition of Right” (1628), then dissolves parliament until 1640 limits king’s power, then ignores it Raises money through other means Ship Money Selling titles

Charles I and religion Marries Catholic, makes peace with Spain and France Angers Protestants Appoints William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury Anti-puritan, uses “Court of High Commission to prosecute” Imposes Anglicanism on Presbyterian Scotland Scots invade England

Charles I Charles calls Parliament for cash to fight Scots The Long Parliament (1640-1660) Pass the Triennial Act Parliament must meet every 3 years Abolish Star Chamber Get rid of Bishops The Irish gentry rebels against English landlords Parliament refuses to give Charles an army (no trust)

English Civil War 1642-1649 Follows Charles’ failed attempt to arrest members of Parliament Royalists (Cavaliers) Vs Parliament (Roundheads) Parliament wins under leadership of Oliver Cromwell & the “New Model Army” Charles tried and executed by the “Rump Parliament” All that was left following

English Civil War 1642-1649

English Commonwealth 1649-1659 Republic then dictatorship under Cromwell Title of “Lord Protector” Many Puritan reforms Close theatres Outlaw dancing

Restoration 1660 Charles II (r.1660-1685) invited by parliament to become king Mercantilist policies Passes the Navigation Act (1651)to hurt Dutch shipping Catholic sympathies Forced to pass the Test Act (1672) No Catholic could serve in government Aimed at Charles’ Catholic brother James

James II (r.1685-1688) Unskilled, wants absolutism Appoints Catholics Has son

Glorious Revolution 1688 Parliament invites James’ Protestant daughter Mary and husband William to take throne James flees to France bloodless

English Bill of Rights 1689 Signed by W&M, creates constitutional monarchy Limits power of monarchy Power shared between Parliament and King

Finishing England & The Dutch Golden Age

English Bill of Rights 1689 Signed by W&M, creates constitutional monarchy Limits power of monarchy Power shared between Parliament and King

The Cabinet System Group of Parliamentary Advisors to the king Becomes center of English power Led by the Prime Minister Robert Walpole first PM, gains significant influence and power

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan 1651 Government exists to keep wicked people in order Absolute Monarchy best type of gov. to do this People give up rights for law and order

John Locke 2nd Treatise on Government 1689 People agree to form governments to protect their natural rights; life, liberty, & property If gov. does not protect rights  overthrow it People can reason and run their own government- democracy

The Dutch Republic (The United Provinces of the Netherlands) 17th Century is their “Golden Age” Independence from Spain Declared 1581 Earned 1607 Recognized 1648

Dutch Government Power divided between “Stadholder”- Individual who ran army, maintained order Led by the House of Orange Pushed for monarchial control “States General”- Assembly of representatives from each province In control for much of 17th & 18th centuries Mostly represented the wealthy middle class

Dutch Wealth Economic prosperity fueled by shipping and trading Dutch East & West India Trading Companies Settlement in South Africa Religious tolerance allows productive members from other countries to immigrate Amsterdam becomes banking center Decline starts following wars with France and Spain

Dutch Society Highest standard of living in Europe More Calvinist in first half of 17th c., less in later 17th c.

Jan Steen

Rembrandt

Johannes Vermeer