Absolutism

France 1589, a Huguenot prince (Henry IV) inherits the French throne. Issues the Edict of Nantes- grants religious toleration, freedom. Louis XIV (1638-1715) Took thrown at age 5 (Cardinal Richelieu ruled temporarily). Believed in his divine right to rule (sun was his symbol). Expanded authority of royal power Intendants- wealthy middle-class men appointed to collect taxes, recruit soldiers, and carry out policies. Did this to create ties to the middle class and check the power of nobles. Had nobles live in the Palace of Versailles with him. Fought costly wars (enemies united to balance his power). Persecuted Huguenots- wanted religious unity. 100,000 Huguenots flee (make up the wealthiest and hardest working part of the population).

Enlightened Absolutism The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters. One ruler with complete control During the Enlightenment, there is a change in the form of absolutism. Traditional Absolutism- “I am the state.” Enlightened Absolutism- “I’m a servant of the state”

France Louis XV (1715-1774) Louis XV succeeded by Louis XVI in 1774 Great grandson of Louis XIV Nobles regain power (Parliament of Paris) Louis orders 5% tax increase on everyone to pay off war debt- even nobles (enlightened idea) Hires Rene Maupeou to crush Parliament. Successful and send members to obscure places. Reinstate Parliament with members favorable to the king Louis XV succeeded by Louis XVI in 1774 Louis XVI would be behead after French Revolution

England Hanoverian Dynasty Hanoverians took throne in 1714 George I (1714-1727) George II (1727-1760) Neither spoke good English (German) Gave Parliament chance to gain more power Hanoverians were concerned with continental possessions George III (1760-1820) Born in England and very well assimilated. Wanted to strengthen royal authority, power over the sea’s, American colonies, & Ireland. Used differences in Ireland to keep them from uniting.

Prussia Frederick II (Frederick the Great) Asserted extreme control over subjects “first servant of the state” and his duty to work for the common good. Praised Voltaire and invited French intellectuals to Prussia. Reduced use of torture and allowed a free press. Tolerated religious differences. “In my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion.” Did not want to give up power for himself though.

Austria Joseph II Succeeded his mother Maria Theresa. She did not push for reforms but is considered an enlightened monarch. Wanted to modernize Austria- Joseph II continued later Disguised himself to walk among his subjects and learn their problems. Supported religious equality for Protestants and Jews despite opposition Attempted to bring Catholic Church into royal control Allowed free press Sold property of monasteries and gave proceeds to those involved in education and caring for the sick. Abolished serfdom

Russia Catherine the Great Greatly influenced by the philosophes Exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot Believed strongly in equality and liberty. Made limited reforms in the government. Abolished torture Established religious tolerance. Granted nobles a charter of rights Criticized serfdom Did not want to give up power though