5.3 Classification of biodiversity Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses When species are discovered they are given scientific names Taxonomists classify using taxa All organisms classified into 3 domains Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group Applications Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level External recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytes Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelide, mollusca and arthropoda, chordata Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish Skills Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens Nature of science: Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names

5.3 Classification of biodiversity Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses When species are discovered they are given scientific names Taxonomists classify using taxa All organisms classified into 3 domains Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group Applications Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level External recognition features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytes Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelide, mollusca and arthropoda Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish Skills Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens Nature of science: Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names

Recognition of features: 3. Vertebrates (chordata) Plant phyla External recognition of features of bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes, and angiospermophytes 2. Animal phyla Recognise features of porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, annelida, mollusca, and arthropoda 3. Vertebrates (chordata) Recognise features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish

Plants Plants classified together in one kingdom Every plant is made by male and female gametes fusing together. Embryos develop in different ways for different types of plants Therefore put into different phyla Four main phyla Bryophyta (mosses/liverworts/hornworts) Filicinophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers) Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)

Animals divided into over 30 phyla based on characteristics You need to know 6 phyla Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (corals/jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Mollusca (snails) Annelida (leeches) Arthropoda (insects)

Vertebrates Most species of chordate belong to one of 5 major classes. Birds Mammals Amphibians Reptiles Fish

Plants Animals Vertebrates For each phyla identify the following features: Vegetative organs (growth rather than reproduction) Vascular tissue (transport – xylem and phloem) Cambium (cells to reproduce xylem and phloem) Pollen (male gametes) Ovules (contains female gametes) Seeds Fruits For each of the phyla you must know about the following: Mouth/anus Symmetry Skeleton Other external recognition features For each vertebrate – find out about the following: Skin How they breathe Limbs How they move How they reproduce and where Where they live (marine or terrestrial) Teeth? Body temperature Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (corals/jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Mollusca (snails) Annelida (leeches) Arthropoda (insects) Bryophyta (mosses/liverworts/hornworts) Filicinophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers) Angiospermophyta (flowering plants) Birds Mammals Amphibians Reptiles Fish Presentations dates: Give examples!

Vegetative Organs (growth) Plants Bryophyta Filicinophyta Conferophyta Angiospermophyta Vegetative Organs (growth) Vascular Tissue (transport) Cambium (produces vascular tissues) Pollen (contain male gametes) Ovules (contain female gametes) Seeds (dispersible unit containing embryo) Fruits (seeds together with fruit wall)

Other external features Animals Mouth/Anus Symmetry Skeleton Other external features Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda

Vertebrates Bony ray fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Skin Breathing Limbs Movement Reproduce Habitat Teeth Body temperature

Why are supermarkets organised like this?

All living things arranged into groups according to their similarities Classification… All living things arranged into groups according to their similarities

HOW DO WE IDENTIFY LIVING THINGS?

Living things… N M G R E H

Living things… Nutrition Metabolism Growth Response Excretion Homeostasis Reproduction

The 3 domains Eukaryotes Eubacteria (prokaryote) Archaea (prokaryote) Understanding: All organisms classified into 3 domains

What is the difference? Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Histones associated with DNA Presence of introns Structure of cell walls Cell membrane differences 2 extra oxygens on D form Different bonds ester = Understanding: All organisms classified into 3 domains

What is the difference? Feature Bacteria Archaea Eukaryota Histones associated with DNA Absent Proteins similar to histones bound to DNA Present Presence of introns Rare or absent Present in some genus Frequent Structure of cell walls Made of chemical called peptidoglycan Not made of peptidoglycan Not always present Cell membrane differences Glycerol-ester lipids; unbranched side chains; d-form of glycerol Glycerol-ether lipids; unbranched side chains; l-form of glycerol 2 extra oxygens on D form Different bonds ester = Understanding: All organisms classified into 3 domains

Eukaryotes are classified using principal taxa Classification Eukaryotes are classified using principal taxa Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species K P Crisps Only For Good Students Understanding: Principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Taxonomists classify using taxa

Who am I? Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus Applications Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level

Who am I? Kingdom Find one for a plant you like Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Find one for a plant you like You need to remember them (If you don’t like the one for wolf you can find a different animal one too!) Applications Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level

Classification becomes more specific Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Canidae Canis lupus Applications Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level

The same species can have many different local names. Naming Species The same species can have many different local names. Lords and ladies Cuckoo pint Devils and angels Cows and bulls Willy Lily Snakes meat Arum maculatum Understanding: When species are discovered they are given scientific names Taxonomists classify using taxa

Naming Species Ensures all scientists use same names Cooperation and collaboration between scientists Ensures all scientists use same names Decided by different animal and plant congresses Nature of science: Cooperation and collaboration between groups of scientists: scientists use the binomial system to identify a species rather than the many different local names

Binomial Names Genus and species Rules: Genus name begins with upper case letter and species name with lower case Italics Can be abbreviated once if used already: A.maculatum Understanding: The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses When species are discovered they are given scientific names

Natural Classification Classify organisms in a way that closely follows evolution Members of a genus should have a common ancestor Members of the group share many characteristics Unnatural classification – grouping birds, bats and insects because they fly Flight evolved separately in these groups and they have very big differences otherwise Understanding: In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor

Why do classification? Identification of species is easier Go through each taxa step by step – assign a kingdom, then a phylum Dichotomous keys can be used to help with the process Not easy with unnatural classification 2. Prediction of characteristics Inherited similar characteristics from common ancestor Could not do this if we used unnatural classification E.G find a new species of bat – we know it has mammalian features (could not do if grouped with birds) Understanding: In a natural classification the genus and higher taxa have all evolved from one common ancestor Natural classifications help in identification of species and allow the prediction of characteristics shared by species within a group

Reclassification New evidence may show that members do not share a common ancestor Split group up into more taxa (or two groups are found to be more similar – merge the groups) Understanding: Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows a previous taxon contains species evolved from a different ancestor

Living things grouped together due to similarities Dichotomous Keys Living things grouped together due to similarities Skills Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens

What are these? BIRDS

What are these? MAMMALS

What are these? FISH

We can create a dichotomous/branching key to split these animals up. To do this we need to ask questions about them to find their differences. How are fish, mammals and birds different? Skills Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens

BIRDS Feathers MAMMALS Fur FISH Scales

This is how we construct a dichotomous key… Does it have scales? yes Does it have feathers? no yes no

Dichotomous Keys You need to be able to read two different types of dichotomous key and be able to create your own. Complete the classification worksheets Create your own dichotomous/branching key using 5 animals of your choice Turn the your classification key from point 2 into the second type of key Skills Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens