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Question of the day What does it mean to be ENLIGHTENED? **Write down question and response on your pacing guide

The Enlightenment and the American Democracy Describe the Enlightenment and the rise of democratic ideas as the context in which the nation was founded.

Enlightenment Ideas An intellectual movement that spread from Europe to the Americas. Influenced the thinking of leaders of the American Revolution.

Truth can be discovered through reason Core Beliefs Truth can be discovered through reason What is natural is also good and reasonable People can find happiness in this life Society and human kind can progress and improve People’s liberty should be protected by the law

Who influenced the Founding Fathers? The men ( George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Adams, who fought to make this country.

Enlightenment Philosophers What is a philosopher? Someone who likes to think…

Thomas Hobbes Leviathan (1651) Human Nature - Negative Social Contract Naturally selfish, power seeking and ambitious Social Contract First modern philosopher to talk about it What is it? Role of government Security Sovereignty

John Locke An English philosopher; people are born with natural rights. These rights include life, liberty, and property. According to Locke, people have the right to change or overthrow a government that does not protect their “natural” rights.

Locke’s ideas played an important role in the American Revolution The colonies broke away from England because they believed that the King broke the social contract with the people.

Called for a separation of the colonies from Britain Thomas Paine: Common Sense Called for a separation of the colonies from Britain

Baron de Montesquieu A French writer and philosopher; argued for separation of powers within the government. In his view, each branch of government should serve as a check on the other branch’s power.

What are the Separation of Powers in the United States?

What are the Checks and Balances in the United States?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Another French philosopher; believed in the natural goodness of people and in individual freedom. He argued that government should be formed and guided by the “general will” of the people.

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria An Italian philosopher; promoted new ideas about the justice system. He argued that people accused of crimes had certain rights, and he advocated abolishing torture. His ideas were based on the belief that government should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Effects of the Enlightenment Use observation to make new discoveries, rely on reason, and question traditional authority. Led many American colonists to challenge the authority of the British monarchy.

Effects of the Enlightenment When Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, he drew on the ideas of John Locke. It states that all men have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Effects of the Enlightenment Many ideas in the Constitution are based on the Enlightenment thinkers. James Madison “The Father of the Constitution” John Locke Baron de Montesquieu Jean-Jacques Rousseau

John Locke gave Madison the idea of protecting Natural Rights Private Property Liberty Life Social Contract QW: Explain John Locke’s contribution to the foundations of our government.

The opposing views in the 1790’s were led by mainly two men. Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Differences between the two parties Democrat-Republicans Leaders: Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe Focus: common man Believed in States Rights National bank: No Agrarian emphasis Favored direct elections and short terms in office. Model: France Federalist Leaders: Hamilton, Adams, Washington Focus: the elite Believed in strong national government National bank: Yes Urban emphasis Favored indirect elections and long terms in office. Model: Britain

What they believed Jefferson said, "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants…I hold it, that a little rebellion, now and then, is a good thing, and as necessary in the political world as storms in the physical." Hamilton said, “Why has government been instituted at all? Because the passions of man will not conform to the dictates of reason and justice without constraint…A fondness for power is implanted, in most men, and it is natural to abuse it."

Conflict was so intense that! This cartoon satirizes the intense factional fighting in President John Adams’s administration (1797-1801). On the right, Roger Griswold, a Federalist, holds a cane, while his adversary, Matthew Lyon, a Democrat- Republican, holds fire tongs.