Chapter 13 Key Terms Rhizoid Sporophyte Gametophyte Sporangium Epiphyte Cuticle Gymnosperm Angiosperm Monocot Dicot Xylem Phloem Node Stoma

Biology Chapter 13 The Plant kingdom

Characteristics of Plants Botany Study of plants Eukaryotic and multicellular Contain tissues Cellulose in cell walls Most are autotrophic Contain plastids Chloroplast is a type of plastid

Classifying Plants Based on the presence or absence of: 3 categories Vascular tissues Tissues that conduct water and dissolved material in the plant Seeds 3 categories Nonvascular plants Seedless vascular plants Seeded vascular plants (seeded plants)

Nonvascular Plants All are small and short Do not contain vascular tissues (obtain water and nutrients by osmosis) Produce spores, not seeds Phylum Bryophyta Mosses No true plant organs Leafy shoots Contain rhizoids

Nonvascular Plants Phylum Hepatophyta Phylum Anthocerotophyta Commonly called Liverworts Rhizoids anchor this plant to ground Liver-shaped thallus Phylum Anthocerotophyta Commonly called Hornworts Horn-shaped thallus Rhizoids

Seedless Vascular Plants Taller Contain vascular tissues (Xylem and Phloem) Produce spores Phylum Pteridophyta Ferns Leaves are called fronds Some are epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants) Fronds are connected to rhizome under the ground

Seeded Vascular Plants Produce seeds and contain vascular tissues Gymnosperms – non-flowering plants Seeds exposed to environment Phylum Coniferophyta: cone-bearing plants Seed cones and pollen cones Angiosperms – flowering plants Seed enclosed, usually by a fruit Phylum Anthophyta Flowering plants (fruit forms from flower)

Angiosperms Cotyledon: stored food to nourish embryonic plant Monocots One cotyledon Usually parallel venation Flowering parts usually in 3s or 6s Dicots Two cotyledons Usually pinnate or palmate venation Flowering parts in 4s, 5s or multiples of 4 or 5

Other Classification Annuals Biennials Perennials Sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds in 1 growing season Most herbaceous plants Biennials Sprout and develop one season, flower and produce seeds the following season Perennials Grow back every year, even though their leaves and stems die each year

Tissues Tissue 3 main organs not involved in reproduction Group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function 3 main organs not involved in reproduction Roots, stems, and leaves 3 reproductive organs Flowers, fruits, seeds

Tissues Dermal Tissue “skin” of the plant Epidermis: outer layer of cells in leaves Cuticle: waxy layer that covers leaves and stem Cork: dead cells that form the protective covering of a root or stem in woody plants Function: protection, gas exchange, absorption of minerals

Tissues Vascular Tissue Tissue that transports water and nutrients through the plant Xylem: carries water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves Made up of tracheids and vessel cells Allows movement in one direction Phloem: carries water and dissolved foods from leaves to plant Made up of sieve tube cells Companion cells provide support for sieve tube cell

Tissues Ground Tissue Everything else in the plant – the “insides” of the plant Supports, provides storage, and performs metabolic processes of the plant Non-woody stems, roots, and leaves are made up of mostly ground tissue Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

Tissues Meristematic Tissue Cells capable of continuous mitosis “growth region” of the plant Small, thin-walled, undifferentiated cells Found in the growing areas of the plant (buds, root tips…)

The Leaf Main function is photosynthesis Blade Petiole Stipule Large, green part of the leaf Petiole Attaches the blade to the stem at the node Stipule Some structure attached at the base of the petiole

The Leaf Margin Determining the margin can sometimes be difficult Edge of the leaf Determining the margin can sometimes be difficult

The Leaf Venation Parallel Netted Describes the pattern of the vein on the blade Parallel Veins originate at petiole and continue to tip of leaf in parallel arrangement Netted Large veins branch off into smaller veins Pinnate: 1 main vein with branches off it Palmate: 2 or more veins originating from petiole

The Leaf Arrangement Simple Compound Only one blade per petiole Compound Multiple blades per petiole Each division is called a leaflet Also classified by how the leaves are arrange on the stem

The Leaf Arrangement Alternate: 1 leaf attached per node Opposite: 2 leaves attached per node Whorled: 3 or more leaves attached per node

The Leaf Stomata Guard Cells Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll Openings on the underside of a leaf Guard Cells Open and close the stomata Palisade Mesophyll Tightly packed, column shaped cells Spongy Mesophyll Cells with air spaces between

The Root Functions 2 types of root systems Anchor the plant onto a surface Absorb water and minerals needed for growth Transport substances to the rest of the plant Can also function in food storage (carrot, radish) 2 types of root systems

The Root Primary root: original root that sprouts from the seed Secondary root: roots that branch off the primary root Taproot Root System Long, large primary root with branching secondary roots Fibrous Root System Many secondary roots, but lacks large primary root

The Root Primary growth Epidermis: protects root Growth that only occurs in the tip Epidermis: protects root Root hairs: aid in water absorption Root Cap: protects delicate tissues at tip as root pushes through soil Meristematic Region: region of mitosis Elongation Region: growth of cells, large vacuoles Maturation Region: cells differentiate into specific tissues

The Stem Function Woody Stems Herbaceous Stems Manufacture, support, and display leaves Transport materials to and from leaves for photosynthesis Woody Stems Generally strong and non-flexible; cells have thick walls Herbaceous Stems Rely on turgor pressure for support Soft and flexible, usually only living for 1 growing season

Woody Stems Apical Meristem Nodes Layers Epidermis Cork cambium Phloem Vascular cambium Sapwood Heartwood