Natural Selection Foldable

Natural Selection Top flap: Bottom Flap: Occurs in individual level by determining which organisms have adaptations that allows them to survive, reproduce, & pass on adaptive traits Bottom Flap: Occurs through competition, phenotypic adapation, limited resources, exponential increase in population, individual variation

Stabilizing Selection Top flap: Most common Results in decreased diversity with similar phenotypes (human babies with low birthweight) Bottom flap:

Directional Selection Top flap: Individuals with frequency distribution toward an advantage in future generations (peppered moths) Bottom Flap:

Disruptive Selection Top flap: Bottom flap: Against average and favors individuals at extremes. Population changes and evolution occurs. Bottom flap:

Evolution Foldable: change over time in population Speciation Equilibrium Evolution: Change over time in a population

Speciation Reproductive isolation Segments of population become so isolated that gene flow stops or is diminished Environmental change (large environment creates new niches) Geographic isolation (Darwin finches-adaptive radiation)

Gradualism equilibrium Punctuated equilibrium Slow evolutionary development of species over long periods of time Species arose suddenly and in short periods of time. Triggered by change in physical or biological environ.

Coevolution 2 or more species affect each others evolution Structure changes of plant affects morphology of herbivore Hummingbird picture.

Convergent evolution Organisms that are not closely related to each other independently acquire similar (analogous) characteristics Shark, dolphin picture

Divergent evolution 2 or more related species become more and more dissimilar Mammal picture

Parallel evolution 2 independent species evolve together at same time and in same ecosystem and acquire similar characteristics Placental and marsupials