10.4 Political Parties Develop pp. 338-342

Objectives: Identify the first political parties and their leaders. Summarize the issues in the election of 1796.

Review: 1. Who was unanimously elected as the nation’s first President? 2. What city served as our first national capital under the new administration? 3. A President’s official advisors are collectively known by what term? 4. Identify the members of Washington’s cabinet and the offices they held. 5. What legislation set up the organization of the Supreme Court and the lower federal court system? 6. Define unconstitutional— 7. Who was the nation’s first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

Review: 8. Define national debt— 9. What were the three parts of Hamilton’s plan to get the nation on a sound economic footing (see brace map)? 10. Define excise taxes— 11. Define tariffs— 12. Why did Southern states object to Hamilton’s plan for paying off state debts (i.e. assumption)? 13. What was promised to Southern states in exchange for their support in paying off Northern state debts? 14. Washington demonstrated the strength of the new federal government by crushing what rebellion?

Review: 15. At what battle did General “Mad” Anthony Wayne defeat a confederation of Native Americans in the Ohio Valley? 16. In what treaty did the Native Americans agree to give up most of the land in present-day Ohio? 17. Define neutral— 18. What proclamation did Washington issue to keep the U.S. out of war with either Britain or France? 19. Which French diplomat plotted to ignore Washington’s neutrality order and equip U.S. ships to fight the British? 20. Define impressed— 21. Why did the Jay Treaty infuriate many Americans? 22. What were the provisions of Pinckney’s Treaty? 23. Against what three things did Washington warn in his Farewell Address?

A. Dividing into Parties (p. 338) When Washington took office for his first term, the country had no political parties. But Washington’s closest advisers disagreed bitterly about government policies. Followers of the group led by Hamilton were known as Federalists. Jefferson and James Madison led an opposition group known as the Democratic-Republicans.

B. The First Parties (p. 339) The Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans were the nation’s first political parties. A political party is a group of people with similar ideas and beliefs about government. Members of political parties work to get their leaders elected and to influence government decisions.

C. The Federalists (p. 339) Leader—Alexander Hamilton Favored rule by the wealthy and educated class Wanted a strong national government Emphasized manufacturing and trade over farming Believed in a loose, or flexible, interpretation of the Constitution

D. The Democratic-Republicans (p. 339) Leader—Thomas Jefferson Favored rule by the common people, not just the wealthy Wanted the state governments to have more power than the national government Put an emphasis on farming and agriculture, rather than industry Believed the Constitution should be interpreted strictly, or literally

E. The Political Press (p. 341) Since colonial times, American newspapers had been very political. The Federalists’ newspaper for shaping public opinion was the Gazette of the United States, edited and published by John Fenno. Jefferson and Madison chose the poet Philip Freneau to start a rival newspaper, the National Gazette.

F. The Election of 1796 (p. 342) Political candidates were chosen at a caucus, or private meeting, held by congressional leaders. The Constitution provided that the presidency and the vice presidency would go to the top two finishers in the Electoral College vote. This led to a strange result in the 1796 election: John Adams, a Federalist, was elected President, while Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was elected Vice President.

Review 24. What were followers of Hamilton known as? 25. What were followers of Jefferson and Madison known as? 26. Define political party— 27. Which party favored rule by the wealthy and educated class? 28. Which party placed an emphasis on farming? 29. Which party favored rule by the (common) people? 30. Which party placed an emphasis on manufacturing and trade? 31. Which party favored a strong national government? 32. Which party favored a strict/literal interpretation of the Constitution? 33. Which party favored strong state governments? 34. Which party favored a loose/flexible interpretation of the Constitution? 35. Who won the Election of 1796 to become the 2nd President of the U.S.? 36. What was unusual about the results of the Election of 1796? 37. Define caucus--