Physical Science

Heat The energy generated by atoms or molecules moving. The faster they move, the more heat is generated.

Heat is the presence of energy. If an object is hot, it has energy. The hotter it is, the more energy that object has. If an object is cold, it has given away all of its heat energy. “Cold” can not be given away.

Temperature Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy in a substance. What that means: Temperature measures how much the particles are moving around. The more they move around, the more energy they have. The more energy they have, the higher the temperature.

Conduction The transfer of energy between two objects that are touching.

Convection The transfer of energy between two objects through liquid or gas.

Radiation The transfer of heat through space. This does not mean “outer space”. It means any type of space.

Insulators Examples? What is the job of an insulator? A material that slows or stops heat transfer.

Conductor Not a train driver. Examples? What is the job of a conductor? A material that allows heat transfer.

Simple Machines A machine developed to make work easier. A simple device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force. So, the simple machine can be used to change the direction of your force, or it can be used to lift objects that you normally could not lift. It “magnifies” your force.

Lever A board or bar that rests on a turning point. The weight is called the load. The turning point is called a fulcrum. Examples?

First Class Lever The fulcrum is between the input force and the load Ex. A teeter totter

Second Class Lever The load is between the fulcrum and the input force Ex: Wheelbarrow

Third Class Lever The input force is between the fulcrum and the load Ex. Hammer

Inclined Plane A flat surface that is higher on one end. Used to move objects to a higher or lower location. You use less energy.

Wheel and Axle A rod goes through the center of the wheel. It makes things easier to move.

Screw An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. Used to hold objects together. Used to move materials. Auger

Wedge A machine that pushes two objects apart. Made of two inclined planes, back to back.

Pulley Made of a wheel and rope. One end of the rope is attached to the load. When you pull the other end, the wheel moves and the load can be lifted.

Mechanical Advantage The ratio of output force (force from the machine) to the input force (force you are using to operate the machine) What that means: If you use a machine, you will use less force, and the machine will magnify your force.

Newton’s Laws of Motion 1st – An object in motion will remain in motion until a force act upon it. An object at rest will remain at rest until a force acts upon it. 2nd – Acceleration depends on the object’s mass and the force applied. 3rd – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Force Work Acceleration Velocity Using energy to do work. Energy directed at doing something. Acceleration Changing velocity Velocity A certain speed in a certain direction

Newton’s First Law An object at rest will remain at rest. Inertia The tendency to resist motion. An object in motion will remain in motion.

Newton’s Second Law Acceleration depends on the mass of the object and the force applied. The larger the mass, the more force you have to apply.

Newton’s Third Law For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work Energy directed at a task Unit for work: Formula for work Joule Force x Distance= Work

Force The capacity to do work The unit of force Newtons Net force is found by subtracting the different forces acting on an object.

Net Force 100 Newtons 600 Newtons

Speed Speed is the distance traveled divided by the time it took to travel that distance. 75mph 75 miles per hour 75 miles/hour 75 miles divided by 1 hour.

Friction Rubbing one object’s surface on another object’s surface Two things rubbing against each other. The amount of friction is effected by two things: 1- The mass of the objects. 2- The roughness of the surface.

Lubricant Any substance that is used to reduce friction. Bike chain Creaky door hinge Gears

Mass vs. Weight The amount of matter in something. Measured using a balance The measurement of mass does not change, no matter where you are in the universe. The measurement of Earth’s gravity on a mass. Measured using a scale. Because different planets have different gravitational pull, your weight will be different in different places in the universe.

Gravity Sir Isaac Newton “discovered” gravity. The force of attraction of all masses in the universe. If the object has a mass, it has gravitational pull. Gravitational pull depends on two things: The more mass an object has, the more gravitational pull it will have. The closer the objects are to each other, the stronger the gravitational pull will be between the two.

Visible Light Some light we can see. Some light we cannot. Prisms As light hits the prism, it slows down. When it exits out the other side the white light splits into the 7 colors.

Light Spectrum

States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas