Learning Target I can discuss important events in the Mexican period of Arizona history..

1810 – 1821 Mexican War for Independence

Mexican Period 1821-1848

1822 The Santa Fe – St. Louis trade route opens.

Mountain men begin trapping beaver along the Gila river. This is the beginning of the American intrusion. The Spanish government restricted American settlers and traders.

James Ohio Pattie Wrote a book about his adventures in Arizona.

“Old Bill” Williams Lived among the Osage in Missouri. Maintained comfortable relations with several Indian tribes. Expert fur trapper and trader. Explorer, guide, and interpreter. A mountain, a river, and a city have been named after him.

Kit Carson Christopher Houston At 16 joined a trading company heading to Santa Fe. Trapper Explorer and Guide John C. Freemont Rancher Military career Civil War Led a campaign of economic warfare against the Navajo, forcing them to surrender and move to a reservation in New Mexico

Pauline Weaver Mountain man, trapper, rancher, prospector, scout, guide, and pioneer Maintained good relations with the Indians Password for peace - Paulino, Paulino, Tobacco “Prescott’s first citizen” Buried at Sharlot Hall Museum

George Oaks, a member of the California Volunteers, described Weaver as follows: "He had come to Arizona about thirty years before and knew the country and the Indians well. He was pretty much of an Indian, himself, and liked to scout far ahead of us. He had been so much alone that his speech was part English, part Spanish, with a few Indian words thrown in for good measure. He wore his clothes 'til they fell off him, and if he had shook those long gray whiskers of his all of a sudden I'll bet woodchucks, gophers and trade rats would have jumped out of them."

Antoine Leroux Trail guide Helped to organize New Mexico Territory Mormon Battalion Along with Pauline Weaver and Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Sitgreaves Expedition Whipple’s Survey Helped to organize New Mexico Territory Leroux Springs in the San Francisco Peaks, for many years the primary water supply for Flagstaff

The new government of Mexico no longer honored the old treaty with the Apaches. As a result, missions, mines, and ranches were abandoned. Except for Tucson, southern Arizona was controlled by the Apaches. Cattle were let loose and became part of the wildlife 1837 Hostilities continue to escalate when Mexico offers a bounty for Apache scalps

Mexican War 1846 - 1848

Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny, head of the Army of the West, took New Mexico, crossed Arizona along the Gila River, and went on to take California.

Captain William Emory observed and recorded the geography, geology, plant and animal life, as well as the cultures of Arizona. His work was and is considered one of the important descriptions of the historic Southwest, particularly noted for its maps.

The “Battle of the Bulls” The taking of Tucson The Mormon Battalion, under the command of Captain Philip St. Cooke, followed a few weeks after Kearny and built a wagon road from New Mexico to the California coast. The “Battle of the Bulls” The taking of Tucson The Mormon Battalion, under the command of Captain Philip St. Cooke followed a few weeks later and built a wagon road from New Mexico to the California coast.

1848. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the war. One half of Mexican territory is ceded to the United States.