Thunk- Do you agree? Using social media sites has a negative impact on our mental health and psychological wellbeing Extenstion- How does social media link to the learning perspective of psychology (behaviourism/social learning)
Starter activity Last lesson we conducted some research to give us an overview of 3 of the 5psychological perspectives Behaviourism/SLT Biological Cognitive Now- Number 1s- Humanism Number 2s- Psychodynamic 10 mins to research (simply psych website and textbook) the approach and complete your row in your pairs Now swap- 1s teach 2s and 2s teach 1s
Today Behaviourism Social learning theory Complete the two handouts on these
Behaviourist Perspective Behaviourist’s regard all behaviour as a response to a stimulus. They assume that what we do is determined by the environment we are in, which provides stimuli to which we respond, and the environments we have been in in the past, which caused us to learn to respond to stimuli in particular ways. Key Definitions! Behaviourist: Focuses on behaviour as a learned response Conditioning: A learned response from a stimulus Classical Conditioning- Learning from Association Operant Conditioning- Learning from Consequence Reinforcement: This causes behaviour to occur more often
How is it researched? Much behaviourist research involves studying learning in animals under laboratory conditions, using experimental methods. Animals are used because behaviourists assume they learn in the same way as people but are more convenient to study.
Classical Conditioning In classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli when they occur together The principles were first outlined by Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov (1927) was originally a Physiologist who whilst studying the salivation reflex found that dogs would start to salivate before the food had reached their mouths - often at the sight of the bucket.
Pavlov’s dogs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cP5lCleK-PM What is A stimulus The Neutral stimulus The unconditioned stimulus The unconditioned response The conditioned stimulus and response
Watson’s little albert study UCS UCR NS CS CR https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI
Discussion: Student discussion and feedback: Can you think of a time in your life when you were a part of classical conditioning? Share ideas with the class.
Would a baby born on a deserted island ever… Thunk Would a baby born on a deserted island ever… Laugh Develop language Feel lonely
Investigated by Thorndike (1874-1949) and Skinner (1904-1990) Operant conditioning In operant conditioning, people learn to perform new behaviours through the consequences of the things they do. Reinforcement -the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated increases in future (the behaviour is strengthened). Punishment - the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated in future decreases (the behaviour is weakened). Investigated by Thorndike (1874-1949) and Skinner (1904-1990)
Operant Conditioning Skinner experimented with rats (1938) A rat in a box had to press a lever to get food Rewards are reinforcers – rat more likely to press lever again!
Skinner: Operant conditioning: Student discussion and feedback: Can you think of a time in your life when you were a part of operant conditioning? Share ideas with the class verbally.
Application Explain how reinforcement could be used to explain behaviour in the following situations. Include Positive reinforcement, postive punishment, negative reinforcement and negative punishment A service user addicted to shopping A child disrupting the class during group work where the teacher is working with a separate group An individual with a fear of being attacked not leaving the Care home A Patient not taking their vital medication which has side effects of hallucinations. A BHASVIC student not doing assignments so being put on a red action plan then gets everything in on time Now complete the handout
Evaluation of Behaviourist Approach Advantages Focus on observable and measureable behaviour Research methods are scientific, easy to replicate and test Helped identify Psychology as a scientific discipline Disadvantages Fails to explain why people are sometimes frightened of things they have no experience of. Doesn’t take innate factors into account (genetic influences) Doesn’t take into account cognitive abilities e.g. people can observe behaviour (Social Learning Theory) Animal research – controversial Studied under artificial conditions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6LEcM0E0io
Do our memories form us or do we form our memories? Thunk Do our memories form us or do we form our memories?
Social learning theory Watch the advertisement What does this suggest about behaviour? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHi2dxSf9hw
Social learning theorists Unlike behaviourists they do not study animal learning. They conduct research in any context in which learning occurs, particularly favouring research using children, Social learning research therefore may include observation of children and adults in school and family settings. Think of an example of when you have observed a child socially learn behaviour
Mediational (Cognitive) processes SLT is the bridge between learning theory and the cognitive approach. The cognitive approach values mental processes These mental factors mediate in the learning process to determine if a response is acquired Write the following out and define Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation Bandura also argued the importance of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) in whether the behaviour is repeated Vicarious reinforcement - our tendency to repeat or duplicate behaviors for which others are being rewarded.
Application Attention Retention Motor reproduction Motivation Positive Reinforcement Punishment Vicarious reinforcement
Bandura et al’s research Watch the video and make notes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8
Bandura (1961) showed children a film of an adult behaving aggressively towards an inflatable toy called a bobo doll. Some children saw the aggressive adult being reinforced by another adult, others saw them being punished and a control group saw the model behaving aggressively with no positive or negative consequences. Afterwards the children were given the opportunity to play with a range of toys including a bobo doll. It was found that those who had seen the model getting punished were much less likely to imitate the aggressive actions, showing the influence of vicarious punishment on imitation.
Social learning- Evaluation Social learning theory provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning than behaviourism because………………… Much of the research is based on laboratory studies which may involve artificial situations. This is problematic because…… The Social learning theory underestimates the influence of Biology.This is a limitation because…(example) SLT can explain differences across cultures which is useful because………….
Evaluation of SLT Perspective Disadvantages Artificial research Validity of research -Demand characteristics? (Children doing what they wanted experimenters to see.) Doesn’t take into account genetic influences Advantages Scientific Takes into account cognitive factors as well as environmental Explains a large number of behaviours Supports Nurture
Homework- For Friday Watch Black mirror S3 E1 “ Nosedive”
Weds Cognitive and Biological Friday -Psychodynamic and Humanism