Chapter 12: The Reformation I. Forerunners

Forerunners John Wycliffe “Morning Star of the Reformation” Spoke out against the Roman Catholic Church Believed Bible was supreme authority All ought to read it

Forerunners John Wycliffe Translation of Bible from Latin into English Finished in 1382 Trained men to preach the gospel Lollards

Forerunners John Huss Prague Tricked to come to the Council of Constance Burned at the stake Would not recant Wycliffe’s body later dug up and burned

Chapter 12: The Reformation II. Beginning

Luther’s Early Life Education Vow to become a monk Wittenberg Justification by faith alone Sola fide

Controversy Leo X’s plan to complete St. Peter’s Basilica Sell indulgences to raise money Johann Tetzel Treasury of saints Luther’s response

Luther’s Break with Rome Ninety-five Theses Widely circulated Sales of indulgences fell The Leipzig Debate Johann Eck Widened the breach

Luther’s Break with Rome Pamphlets The Road to Worms Protected by Frederick the Wise Pope issued a bull against Luther Luther tossed it in the fire

Luther’s Break with Rome Diet of Worms Summoned by Charles V Luther’s declaration Luther declared an outlaw and would face death Lived out his natural life

Progress in Germany Luther translated the Bible into German Shorter Catechism Instruction in fundamental doctrines Hymn: A Mighty Fortress

Progress in Germany Augsburg Confession Philipp Melanchthon

Progress in Germany Preoccupation of Charles V Attack on Protestants Emperor of many lands Wars with Francis I of France Ottoman Turks and Suleiman Attack on Protestants Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Chapter 12: The Reformation III. Spread

Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone! Key Doctrines Scripture alone, faith alone, grace alone!

Switzerland Zwingli Became a priest in Zurich Sixty-Seven Conclusions Disagreed with Luther over the Lord’s Supper Consubstantiation Died while serving as a chaplain

Switzerland The Anabaptists “Swiss Brethren” Believer’s baptism Persecution Only true believers should be members in the local church

Switzerland The Anabaptists Separation of church and state Belief in pacifism Mennonites Menno Simons Amish Jacob Amman

Switzerland Calvin Well-educated Theology The Institutes of the Christian Religion Strong belief in the sovereignty of God

Switzerland Calvin Years at Geneva Sought a Christian community based on the Word of God Worked to have laws passed that conformed to Scripture Disagreements with city leaders

Switzerland Calvin Years at Geneva Influence Ordered to leave Geneva Returned a few years later Influence

England Factors in the English Reformation: The publication of English translations of the Bible The involvement of the English rulers Tudor family

England The Break with Rome Under Henry VIII Sought a divorce Appointed Thomas Cranmer Act of Supremacy

England Protestant Gains Under Edward VI Nine years old; died at sixteen Advisers were sympathetic to Protestant Reformation Book of Common Prayer Forty-Two Articles

England Catholic Reaction Under Mary I Pro-Catholic Compelled Parliament to repeal earlier religious laws Persecution Died after five years

England Break with Rome Confirmed Under Elizabeth Never married The Church of England Another Act of Supremacy Revision to Thirty-Nine Articles Elizabethan Settlement Anglican Church

England Break with Rome Confirmed Under Elizabeth War with Spain Philip II of Spain Catholic “Invincible Armada” Sir Francis Drake Huge victory for England

England Break with Rome Confirmed Under Elizabeth The Puritans Wanted to “purify” the church of Roman Catholic practices Separatists were those who removed themselves from the Church of England

Scotland John Knox Influenced by Calvin Scotland became a Protestant nation Presbyterian Church Mary Stuart forced to abdicate

The Netherlands Ruled by Philip II William the Silent Severe persecution of Protestants William the Silent Protestants eventually won independence

France Huguenots Fiercely persecuted St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

France Conflict over who would rule France Bourbon family Henry IV Huguenot Henry IV Became Roman Catholic Edict of Nantes

Chapter 12: The Reformation IV. The Counter Reformation

The root of their problems Counter Reformation Counter = to oppose The root of their problems = Doctrinal error

Jesuits Ignatius Loyola Absolute obedience to the pope Spiritual Exercises Focus on education

Jesuits Proper to do wrong in order to accomplish something good Francis Xavier

Inquisition Brought terror and death Assumption of guilt until proven innocent

Index of Prohibited Books Condemned books deemed heretical Only books with an ecclesiastical license had official approval

Council of Trent Three extended meetings over eighteen years Predetermined outcome Sealed break between Protestants and Catholic Church