Learning Objective Describe how vaccinations work To be able to: Key Words: Memory cells, vaccine, immunisation

Exam Question Thursday, 23 May 2019 Vaccinations Date and title in books. You need a pen, pencil & a ruler. Starter Activity – 2 minutes Exam Question

Learning Outcomes Identify why vaccinations are given Target 1-9 Identify why vaccinations are given (F/H) Target 4-9 Describe how a vaccination works (H) Target 5-9 Explain how a vaccination prevents the spreading of disease Extension: Application of Knowledge Target 8/9 Use data to explain the effects vaccinations have over time Learning Outcomes

What is a vaccination? A vaccination contains an inactive or dead form of a pathogen. We use this form to give your white blood cells chance to fight the pathogen without you getting ill.

Getting a vaccination Most vaccinations are given by an injection into your blood stream (e.g. flu, MMR) Some can be given as a liquid (e.g. polio vaccination)

White Blood Cells Every cell has antigens on it surface, including pathogens. White blood cells react to the vaccination by producing antibodies. These anti bodies are specific for the pathogen. The antibodies destroy the antigens and pathogen without you getting ill.

Immunity Once we have been vaccinated, we say we are immune to the disease. White blood cells can quickly respond if the pathogen enters our blood stream again as they “remember” the antigens and so they can quickly make antibodies.

Bacterial and Viral Bacterial Vaccinations Viral Vaccinations Tetanus Diphtheria Whooping cough Bacterial meningitis Polio Measles Mumps Flu We can vaccinate against many diseases. Vaccination saves millions of lives every year.

Children Advantages Disadvantages The child will be immunised against a disease and so is unlikely to become ill Vaccines can have side effects and make someone ill, either for a short time or a long time The child cannot pass the disease on and infect others Vaccines can be expensive and some children do not get them as they cannot afford them. Over many decades, more people will become immune and the disease will be gone from the world Vaccines can be painful

Adults Advantages Disadvantages Their child is not likely to become ill Vaccines can have side effects so they could make their child ill In the UK, all children can be vaccinated for free. Vaccines can be expensive and some parents cannot afford to buy them The adult is not likely to become ill from the child getting a disease. It is difficult for a parent to see their child in pain when having a vaccination

Questions What can some pathogens do to the body very quickly? If your body does not make antibodies quickly, what could happen to you? Which part of our blood responds to pathogens? If our white blood cells have met the pathogen before, what can they produce quickly? What do antibodies to do a pathogen? If we are given a vaccination, how can our body respond if we get the pathogen again? What do we call it when we have been vaccinated and we are protected against a disease?