Coping with Change Restoration and Reaction Ideology, Politics and Revolution 1815- 1850

“Kings have to calculate the chances of their very existence in the immediate future, Passions are let loose and league together to overthrow everything which society respects as the basis of its existence; religion, public morality, laws, customs, rights, and duties, are all attacked, confounded, overthrown, or called into question” - Prince Clemens von Metternich

Congress of Vienna Leading Powers- Great Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria (France) attended Attracted pretty much anybody who was “somebody”, or thought they were- many deposed Princes and Dukes, etc… Prince Metternich

Gathering of Victors Guiding principles of the negotiations- legitimacy and stability Legitimacy- return all territories to be placed under the control of the old ruling houses Stability- establishing and maintain a balance of power within Europe, with a particular emphasis on restraining France and certain ‘ideologies’ France was dealt with leniently (Talleyrand)- Louis XVIII

Gathering of Victors- Territory Established buffer states around France- Prussia received land in Western Europe (Rhineland) Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Netherlands were unified Piedmont-Sardinia was enlarged and given special status of sorts Old Monarchy returned to Spain (Habsburgs)

Securing the Settlement Once the territories and ruling houses were to unofficially returned- political machinery was developed in order to perpetuate the “conservative” program Holy Alliance- Alexander I (Russia, Austria and Prussia)- to safeguard Christianity Shows a willingness to intervene in other countries in support of conservative principles Quadruple Alliance (Concert of Europe)- Austria, Russia, Prussia and Britain- military alliance- France joins in 1818

Application- Politics 1820’s- Kingdom of Naples, Piedmont, Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Texas, China- rebellions of constitutional (liberal) and nationalist nature 1825 Decembrist Revolt in Russia (Nicholas I) In every European case the Alliance sent troops to suppress the rebellions (except in Russia) and were successful Monroe Doctrine USA

Reorganizing Society Ideologies: ideas on how the world should be Conservatism- Reaction Liberalism- Political and Individual Freedom Nationalism- Common identity- liberation Romanticism- Freedom, Instinct and Spontaneity Early Socialism- Ending competition/inequity Scientific Socialism- Marx

Restoration and Repression The forces of Liberalism, Conservatism and Nationalism took center stage as the most influential of the forces Struggles for influence- pamphlets, , newspapers, courts, parliaments, universities, police barracks and in the streets Conservatism will prevail in the years after 1815

The Bourbons Return Louis XVIII- conservatism mixed with moderation- kept Napoleonic liberties and administration Allowed a small element of democracy- voting on legislation (small wealthy demographic) The people were happy, the returning emigres were angry and were looking for a more reactionary approach- Ultra-Royalists- Comte D’artois (another brother) 1824 D’artois becomes Charles X- wanted to bring back Absolutism- abolished everything (he will be the last Bourbon king)

Reaction and Repression in the German States 1815- 37 small German states and 2 large ones (Prussia and Austria) German Confederation- no army, treasury or even flag Austria feared liberalism and nationalism (why?) Within the German states, university students and professors created nationalist groups Karl Sand

Reaction and Repression in the German States Carlsbad Decrees Prussia- Hohenzollerns and the Junkers- monarchist and conservative Prussia had no interest in any form of nationalist or liberal movements but did see the value in economic reform (Zollverein)

Restoration in the Italian States Austrian domination of “Italy”- Lombardy and Venetia directly Piedmont-Sardinia- conservative, but independent 1820’s rebellions in Sicily and Piedmont- crushed by Austrian forces The Pope

Conservatism in Russia Vast, feudal society, tiny urban bourgeoisie Aristocratic upper clergy- Orthodox faith Commanded considerable respect at Vienna due to its role in defeating Napoleon- Alexander I The most autocratic and conservative state on Europe (maybe the world)

Conservatism in Russia Alexander dis in 1825 (suspicious death)- Nicholas I becomes Tsar (military career, not educated to be Tsar) Decembrist revolt 1825- Nicholas, on his first day as Tsar, kills his own people- setting the tone as very autocratic and repressive (?) Decembrists would become liberal martyrs…

Holding the Line in Great Britain 1815 Britain- representative parliament history but ruled at the time by conservative forces 5% of adult males could vote due to property restrictions- a few small families ruled the House of Commons Economic Depression post Napoleonic wars, Luddite Riots 1819 Peterloo Massacre Six Acts of 1819- restricting public meetings, prosecution of radicals

Liberal Triumphs Greek War of Independence- see worksheet July Revolution in France- removal of Charles X- Liberals and workers- King Louis- Philippe- “Citizen King” 1830- Belgian Revolt (Vienna united Belgium and Holland)- Belgian Independence 1830- Switzerland (universal male suffrage) 1830’s- 1834- Spain

Britain and Liberalism Reform Bill 1832- extended voting rights (fear from France) 1833 Slavery in British colonies abolished Liberal economic laws- Corn Law (tariffs on grain imports) repealed, resulted in de-regulation for industrialists 1845 Irish Famine (Holocaust?)- “the state should not meddle in the economy”- Britain’s liberals held fast to their liberal beliefs despite the deaths Chartists