Religious Wars

Charles V (Habsburg) 1500-1558 Inherits huge territory from relatives (Spain, New World, Austria, etc.) Elected Holy Roman Emperor 1519 Tries to suppress Protestantism, keep power Wars with France & the Ottoman Turks Abdicates 1556, splitting lands West goes to son, Philip II of Spain East goes to bro, Ferdinand

War in Switzerland Catholics Vs Protestants Agree to peace treaty, each canton (district) gets to decide for itself Agree to break off foreign alliances

Ireland English create Church of Ireland Irish-Catholic resistance crushed Lands sold to wealthy English Irish cling to Catholicism for political and religious reasons

The Netherlands Loosely ruled by Habsburgs Calvinist ideas spread among well to do merchant class 1560’s Philip II tries to suppress Calvinism, raise taxes Riots break out, Spanish execute 1500

Dutch Civil War War between Catholics & Protestants Spanish Netherlands Vs Union of Utrecht (N. provinces declare independence 1581) Dutch supported by Elizabeth I of England Led by William of Orange 1609 United Provinces given independence

Spanish Armada 1588 Philip’s huge navy sunk by English fleet while preparing to invade Part of series of conflicts between Spain and England

French Civil Wars (1562-1598) Huguenots Vs Ultra-Catholics Catherine de Medici dominates sons (3 Valois kings of France) while trying to keep France Catholic Supported by the Guise Family Opposed by the Bourbon Family

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre 1572 Henry of Guise has opponent murdered night before wedding of Huguenot Henry of Navarre (Bourbon) and his Catholic Fiancé Rioting breaks out 20,000 Protestants killed Starts the War of the Three Henry’s

War of the 3 Henry’s Henry of Navarre, Henry of Guise, Henry III (of Valois) Ultimately, Henry of Navarre is left standing, becomes Henry IV of France

Henry IV of France (r.1589-1610) Starts Bourbon dynasty Ends French Civil Wars Politique, practical politician like Elizabeth I Converts to Catholicism publicly, privately Calvinist

Edict of Nantes 1598 Order issued by Henry IV Allows Protestants: to worship privately (not in Paris) to wall cities, keep arms Serve in government Truce in religious wars in France