Prokaryote v. Eukaryote

Cytoplasm Cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane Composed of Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Cytoplasmic Inclusions, Organelles Cytosol: fluid portion. Dissolved molecules (ions in water) and colloid (proteins in water)

Cytoskeleton Supports the cell but has to allow for movements like changes in cell shape and movements of cilia Microtubules: hollow, made of tubulin. Internal scaffold, transport, cell division Microfilaments: actin. Structure, support for microvilli, contractility, movement Intermediate filaments: mechanical strength Cytoplasmic inclusions: aggregates of chemicals such as lipid droplets, melanin

The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic Organelles Small specialized structures with particular functions Most have membranes that separate interior of organelles from cytoplasm Related to specific structure and function of the cell

Nucleus Membrane-bound Nucleoplasm, nucleolus and nuclear envelope Much of the DNA in a cell located here

Chromosome Structure Chromatin: DNA complexed with proteins (histones) During cell division, chromatin condenses into pairs of chromatids called chromosomes. Each pair of chromatids is joined by a centromere

Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis Composed of a large and a small subunit Types Free Attached (to endoplasmic reticulum)

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Types Rough Has attached ribosomes Proteins produced and modified Smooth No attached ribosomes Manufactures lipids Cisternae: Interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm

Golgi Apparatus Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Action of Lysosomes

Peroxisomes and Proteasomes Smaller than lysosomes Contain enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids Hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown Proteasomes Consist of large protein complexes Include several enzymes that break down and recycle proteins in cell

Mitochondria Major site of ATP synthesis Membranes Cristae: Infoldings of inner membrane Matrix: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane Mitochondria increase in number when cell energy requirements increase. Mitochondria contain DNA that codes for some of the proteins needed for mitochondria production.

Centrioles and Spindle Fibers Located in centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus Center of microtubule formation Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and organize spindle fibers

Cilia Appendages projecting from cell surfaces Capable of movement Moves materials over the cell surface

Flagella Similar to cilia but longer Usually only one per cell Move the cell itself in wave-like fashion Example: sperm cell

Microvilli Extension of plasma membrane Increase the cell surface area Normally many on each cell One tenth to one twentieth size of cilia Do not move

Inside a Cell http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwnw4vg9I5Q

Instagram Come up with a instagram name and create an instagram feed for at least the following organelles + 2 more. Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria

Example

Example

Fishbowl Write down 3 words from the last couple days on a sheet of paper. We will review vocab. Round 1: Taboo (can use any words to get rest of group to guess) Round 2: One word Round 3: Charades