DNA DNA Structure Video Clip DNA is the genetic information of all living things. It is stored in the nucleus of every cell and is organized into chromosomes. The information on DNA is determined by the sequence of a 4 “letter” alphabet. Similarly, English stores and transfers information with the English Language made up of 26 letter and computers use binary code with ones and zeros. DNA has a protective structural backbone with information stored inside, like a book has a cover and pages. DNA Structure Video Clip

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Type of nucleic acid What chromosomes (and genes) are made of Made of repeating nucleotide subunits

DNA Structure Complementary Nitrogen Base Pairs Double Helix Nucleotide DNA is the genetic information of all living things. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and organized into chromosomes. DNA is in a double helix structure, meaning it is 2-sided and twisted. DNA is made up of many nucleotides; one nucleotide contains a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. The Backbone of the DNA is made of Phosphate and Sugar gives the DNA its structure. The Information on DNA is determined through the sequence of Nitrogenous Bases located in between the 2 backbones. There are 4 Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine. Adenine and Thymine always bond to each other and Guanine and Cytosine always bond with each other; this is called complementary base pairing. Backbone

DNA Structure DNA is in a double helix structure, meaning it is 2-sided and twisted. DNA is made up of many nucleotides; one nucleotide contains a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous base. The Backbone of the DNA is made of Phosphate and Sugar gives the DNA its structure.

DNA Structure The Information on DNA is on the Nitrogen Bases in between the 2 backbones. There are 4 Nitrogen bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine. Adenine and Thymine always bond and Guanine and Cytosine always bond; this is called complementary base pairing.

Shape of DNA Double helix: 2 spirals wound around each other

Rosalind Franklin x-ray diffraction image of DNA Confirming helical structure of DNA

James Watson and Francis Crick Interpreted the photo and discovered the double helix structure They won a Nobel Prize

DNA Origami Coloring: (like text book) Adenine - Green Guanine - Red Cytosine - Purple Thymine - Yellow Phosphate - Blue Deoxyribose Sugar – White or Grey Folding: Solid Lines fold up into “mountains”. Dotted Lines fold down into “valleys”. Fold all vertical lines Fold in half to form an I-beam and glue. Fold all horizontal lines. Fold all Diagonal lines. Fold and hold each horizontal and diagonal lines forming a spiral. Fluff out the out edges.

DNA Structure Explanation Explain the structure of DNA in sentence form. Be sure to include all pieces from the FTF and connect sentences with transitions.

Edible DNA Model ? A T A G C G T C Materials: 8 dots (2 of each color), 8 marshmallows, 8 fish, 2 skewers, 4 toothpicks Back Bone Nitrogen Bases Complementary Nitrogen Base Pairs Nucleotide A T A ? G C G T C Explain your model.

DNA Candy Model T A C G A T G C Make a candy model Orally explain the model Write down the explanation. C G A T G C

Cracking the Code of Life Eric Lander describes the human genome as being like a parts list. How is the genome like a parts list? To what degree are all humans identical at the genetic level? About what percentage of genes in a banana are also in a human? Why is the figure so high? In 1989, scientists discovered the first disease causing gene in humans, What was the disease? What was wrong with the gene?

Cracking the Code Con’t It was long thought humans had around 100,000 genes. The initial survey of the human genome indicated that there were only about _____________genes in humans. What interesting fact about human genes allows humans to be so much more complex than something like a fruit fly? Scientists working on HGP found that the chromosomes were not packed with one gene after another. How are genes distributed on the chromosomes? How much of the chromosomes are actually genes?

Protein Synthesis DNA Transcription and Protein Assembly - YouTube

Replication Process by which DNA copies itself DNA Polymerase Enzyme- helps proof read each DNA strand chromosomes copy themselves before mitosis and meiosis Each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand

Replication DNA never leaves the nucleus DNA is the master copy of the directions a cell needs to live so it needs to be protected.

Transcription RNA is a copy of DNA RNA: Ribonucleic acid Go into cytoplasm RNA Polymerase RNA: Ribonucleic acid You can always make more RNA, but not DNA

Transcription RNA is made from 1 gene in DNA The type of RNA made is called mRNA (messenger RNA) Sends message from DNA to the cytoplasm

Translation mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA attached to a ribosome tRNA decodes the mRNA and brings amino acids to build the protein Protein detaches from ribosomes