THE SPREAD OF ISLAM CONQUESTS, 634 – 711 Conquests of areas outside of Arabia began under Umar (2nd Caliph) Wave 1 Syria Egypt Sasanid Wave 2 Tunisia Spain Sind Arab forces were organized into regular armies stationed in military camps

THE SPREAD OF ISLAM CONQUESTS, 634 – 711 Arab Muslims were minority rulers… Spread over non-Muslim communities Dominated and taxed new subjects Not pressured to convert to Islam

UMAYYAD & ABBASID CALIPHATES THE SPREAD OF ISLAM UMAYYAD & ABBASID CALIPHATES UMAYYAD rule an Arab empire, not a Muslim Empire Used existing Sasanid and Byzantine structures, and slowly brought in Muslim bureaucrats and Arabic language Overthrown in 750, but Spain remained in the hands of the Abbas Family lineage to Muhammad; Abbas was an uncle

UMAYYAD & ABBASID CALIPHATES THE SPREAD OF ISLAM UMAYYAD & ABBASID CALIPHATES ABBASID Caliphate Hold Caliphate until 1258 – provide religious leadership…adopt ceremonies/customs of the Sasanids Literature and learning thrive Translate Greek, Persian & Indian textbooks Baghdad was the cultural center Increase conversion numbers (more people become Muslim)

POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) THE SPREAD OF ISLAM POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) Abbasid power declines; impossible to maintain control over vast territory; local revolts carve realm into smaller independent states Mamluks (Turkish slave soldiers), Shi’ite Buyids, and Samanids each take turns controlling the caliphate…

POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) THE SPREAD OF ISLAM POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) Berber revolts on the northern fringe of the Sahara: Establishment of Sijilmasa and Tahert (city-states) Become wealthy cities…mint coins that circulate as far as Egypt and Syria Kharijite beliefs interfere with overland trade…lead to first trade across Sahara desert

POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) THE SPREAD OF ISLAM POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) Ghana – “land of gold” Prospers until 1076, when it was conquered by desert nomads One of the first lands outside the orbit of the caliphate to experience gradual/peaceful conversion to Islam Fatimid Dynasty (Egypt) Governed from a palace complex they named “Cairo” Egypt becomes major cultural, intellectual, and political center Economic power comes from West African gold => abundant coinage

POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) THE SPREAD OF ISLAM POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION(s) Umayyads – blend Roman, Germanic, and Jewish traditions with those of Arabs and Berbers Spain’s Iberian territories grow substantially…inhabitants create new architecture and literary styles Countryside areas in Spain create most diverse and sophisticated agricultural economy in Europe

ASSAULT FROM WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE SPREAD OF ISLAM ASSAULT FROM WITHIN AND WITHOUT Seljuk Turks Rule territories stretching from northern Afghanistan to Baghdad Took Anatolia from Byzantines in 1071 Collapse of Baghdad Deterioration of Tigris-Euphrates irrigation system Lack of revenue Lack of food Political quarreling

ASSAULT FROM WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE SPREAD OF ISLAM ASSAULT FROM WITHIN AND WITHOUT Crusades: Pressure on Islamic lands by Christian invaders Muslims unite under Saladin and descendents to drive Christians out Mamluks take over Egypt: Seize control of government in 1250 Ride east to take on new invading force – the Mongols