Vascular Seed plants Two Groups Gymnosperms – means naked seed Angiosperms – means true flowering plant

Vascular Seed plants Have vascular tissue Have seeds xylem and phloem A plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

Vascular Seed plants More common than seedless vascular and nonvascular plants – over 260,000 identified species Gametophyte is within the sporophyte

Vascular Seed Plants Gametophyte grows in reproductive structures known as cones or flowers Gymnosperms use cones Angiosperms use flowers Gametophyte produces gametes – egg and sperm

Gymnosperm Pollination The male gametophyte is within a pollen grain Pollen travels through the wind or via insects or other animals The pollen produces sperm if it reaches the ovule and inside the female gametophyte and fertilization can occur

Gymnosperm Pollination Fertilization results in a zygote living within a seed. the zygote develops into an embryo and can be protected by the seed for weeks to months to years.

Gymnosperm Pollination The seed coat protects the inner embryo until environmental conditions allow growth (all seeds) Often shaped to help with dispersal

Flowers are the sites of Angiosperms Flowers are the sites of pollination and fertilization. Flowers house separate male and female sporangia and gametophytes.

Angiosperms Flowers usually consist of sepals, which enclose the flower before it opens petals, which attract animal pollinators stamens, which include a filament and anther, a sac at the top of each filament that contains male sporangia and releases pollen carpels, the female reproductive structure, which includes the stigma, the style, and the ovary, a unique angiosperm adaptation that encloses the ovules.

What is necessary for the flowering and production of seeds happen? Energy! Leaves, roots, and stem all have an important role for getting energy

Plant Energy Plants are autotrophs, which sustain themselves do not usually consume organic molecules derived from other organisms make their own food through the process of photosynthesis, in which they use sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to sugars and other organic molecules.

Plant Energy As a result of photosynthesis plants: feed us clothe us (think cotton) house us (think wood) provide energy for warmth, light, transport, and manufacturing.

Leaves A specialized organ with different tissues that is efficient at photosynthesis

Cells Life’s fundamental unit of structure

Tissues A group of similar cells that work together and carry out a specific function

Organs and organ systems A body part within the organism containing two or more tissues

Leaves A specialized organ with different tissues that is efficient at photosynthesis Also functions in some storage and some reproduction

Chloroplasts Photosynthesis in plants takes place in the chlorophyll, found in the chloroplasts Chloroplasts are concentrated in the cells of the mesophyll, the green tissue in the interior of the leaf Stomata are tiny pores in the leaf that allow carbon dioxide to enter oxygen to exit Veins in the leaf deliver water absorbed by roots

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts consist of an envelope of two membranes, which encloses an inner compartment filled with a thick fluid called stroma that contains a system of interconnected membranous sacs called thylakoids

Chlorophyll is an important light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts is responsible for the green color of plants plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy are built into the thylakoid membrane

Modified Leaves Leaves may be modified for climbing, such as a tendril, with its tips coiled around a support structure protection, such as a cactus spine.

Carbon dioxide entered the leave through the ______________________? Where does the water come from?

Root System Function of the roots: Absorb water and minerals from the soil Support and anchor the plant Storage and reproduction Root hairs are tiny finger-like projections off of roots that enormously increase the surface area for absorption

Two root systems Fibrous root system – many thin, branching roots staying close to the surface Tap root system – a main root that grows down with smaller branches to the side More common

Modified Roots Unusually large taproots that store food in the form of carbohydrates such as starch are found in carrots turnips sugar beets sweet potatoes Why would this benefit the plant?

Stem Functions are: Holds leaves up to get sunlight Allows transport of materials between root and leaves Reproduction and storage

Stem Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem arranged in a vascular cylinder in a root vascular bundles in stems.

Stem Xylem – carries water and minerals from roots up to leaves Large, hollow, and dead cells Found closer to center of plant

Stem Phloem carries sugars/food from sugar source (leaves and photosynthesis) to parts of plant that need the sugar (sugar sink) living cells found closer to edge of plant