Figure 6.1 Crowded street in China. Together, China and India have 36% of the world’s population and the resource use per person in these countries is projected to grow rapidly as they become more modernized (Case Study, p. 15). Fig. 6-1, p. 122

Figure 6.A Major ways in which humans have altered the rest of nature to meet our growing population’s resource needs and wants. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Which three of these items do you believe have been the most harmful? Explain. How does your lifestyle contribute directly or indirectly to each of these three items? Fig. 6-A, p. 124

NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION Altering Nature to Meet Our Needs Reduction of biodiversity Increasing use of the earth's net primary productivity Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria Elimination of many natural predators Introduction of potentially harmful species into communities Figure 6.A Major ways in which humans have altered the rest of nature to meet our growing population’s resource needs and wants. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Questions: Which three of these items do you believe have been the most harmful? Explain. How does your lifestyle contribute directly or indirectly to each of these three items? Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished Interfering with the earth's chemical cycling and energy flow processes Relying mostly on polluting and climate-changing fossil fuels Fig. 6-A, p. 124

Figure 6.2 Global connections: UN world population projections, assuming that by 2050 women will have an average of 2.5 children (high), 2.0 children (medium), or 1.5 children (low). The most likely projection is the medium one—9.3 billion by 2050. (Data from United Nations). Fig. 6-2, p. 125

Population (billions) 12 11 High10.8 10 Medium 9.3 9 8 7 Population (billions) Low7.8 6 5 Figure 6.2 Global connections: UN world population projections, assuming that by 2050 women will have an average of 2.5 children (high), 2.0 children (medium), or 1.5 children (low). The most likely projection is the medium one—9.3 billion by 2050. (Data from United Nations). 4 3 2 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year Fig. 6-2, p. 125

Figure 6.3 Global connections: the world’s 10 most populous countries in 2008, with projections of their population sizes in 2025. (Data from World Bank and Population Reference Bureau) Fig. 6-3, p. 126

China India USA Indonesia Pakistan Brazil Nigeria Bangladesh Russia 1.3 billion 1.5 billion India 1.1 billion 1.4 billion USA 304 million 357 million Indonesia 240 million 292 million Pakistan 173 million 229 million Brazil 195 million 229 million Nigeria 148 million 205 million Figure 6.3 Global connections: the world’s 10 most populous countries in 2008, with projections of their population sizes in 2025. (Data from World Bank and Population Reference Bureau) 147 million Bangladesh 180 million Russia 142 million 129 million 2008 2025 Japan 128 million 119 million Fig. 6-3, p. 126

Figure 6.4 Total fertility rates for the United States between 1917 and 2008. Question: The U.S. fertility rate has declined and remained at or below replacement levels since 1972, so why is the population of the United States still increasing? (Data from Population Reference Bureau and U.S. Census Bureau) Fig. 6-4, p. 127

Baby boom (1946–64) Replacement level 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.1 Births per woman 2.0 Baby boom (1946–64) Replacement level 1.5 1.0 Figure 6.4 Total fertility rates for the United States between 1917 and 2008. Question: The U.S. fertility rate has declined and remained at or below replacement levels since 1972, so why is the population of the United States still increasing? (Data from Population Reference Bureau and U.S. Census Bureau) 0.5 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Fig. 6-4, p. 127

Figure 6.5 Birth rates in the United States, 1910–2008. Use this figure to trace changes in crude birth rates during your lifetime. (Data from U.S. Bureau of Census and U.S. Commerce Department) Fig. 6-5, p. 127

Demographic transition 32 30 28 26 24 22 Births per thousand population 20 18 16 End of World War II Demographic transition 14 Depression Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom Figure 6.5 Birth rates in the United States, 1910–2008. Use this figure to trace changes in crude birth rates during your lifetime. (Data from U.S. Bureau of Census and U.S. Commerce Department) 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year Fig. 6-5, p. 127

Figure 6.6 Some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and 2000. Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce) Fig. 6-6, p. 128

Married women working outside the home 8% 81% 47 years Life expectancy 77 years Married women working outside the home 8% 81% 15% High school graduates 83% 10% Homes with flush toilets 98% 2% Homes with electricity 99% Living in suburbs 10% Figure 6.6 Some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and 2000. Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce) 52% 1900 Hourly manufacturing job wage (adjusted for inflation) $3 2000 $15 Homicides per 100,000 people 1.2 5.8 Fig. 6-6, p. 128

Married women working outside the home 8% 81% 77 years Life expectancy 47 years 1900 2000 Married women working outside the home 8% 81% High school graduates 15% 83% Homes with flush toilets 10% 98% Homes with electricity 2% 99% Living in suburbs 10% 52% Figure 6.6 Some major changes that took place in the United States between 1900 and 2000. Question: Which two of these changes do you think were the most important? (Data from U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Commerce) Hourly manufacturing job wage (adjusted for inflation) $3 $15 Homicides per 100,000 people 1.2 5.8 Stepped Art Fig. 6-6, p. 128

Figure 6.7 Legal immigration to the United States, 1820–2003 (the last year for which data are available). The large increase in immigration since 1989 resulted mostly from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which granted legal status to illegal immigrants who could show they had been living in the country for several years. (Data from U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Pew Hispanic Center) Fig. 6-7, p. 129

New laws restrict immigration 1,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1907 1914 New laws restrict immigration 1,200 Number of legal immigrants (thousands) 1,000 800 Great Depression 600 Figure 6.7 Legal immigration to the United States, 1820–2003 (the last year for which data are available). The large increase in immigration since 1989 resulted mostly from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which granted legal status to illegal immigrants who could show they had been living in the country for several years. (Data from U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service and the Pew Hispanic Center) 400 200 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010 Year Fig. 6-7, p. 129

Figure 6.8 Generalized population age structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative (declining) population growth rates. A population with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive age group (far left) has a large potential for rapid population growth. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which of these figures best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau) Fig. 6-8, p. 131

Expanding Rapidly Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Expanding Rapidly Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Expanding Slowly United States Australia China Stable Japan Italy Greece Declining Germany Bulgaria Russia Figure 6.8 Generalized population age structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative (declining) population growth rates. A population with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive age group (far left) has a large potential for rapid population growth. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which of these figures best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau) Prereproductive ages 0–14 Reproductive ages 15–44 Postreproductive ages 45–85+ Fig. 6-8, p. 131

Figure 6.9 Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, 2006. Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau) Fig. 6-9, p. 131

Figure 6.9 Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, 2006. Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau) Fig. 6-9a, p. 131

Population (millions) Developed Countries 85+ 80–85 75–79 Male 70–74 Female 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 Age 35–39 30–34 25–29 Figure 6.9 Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, 2006. Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau) 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 300 200 100 100 200 300 Population (millions) Fig. 6-9a, p. 131

Figure 6.9 Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, 2006. Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau) Fig. 6-9b, p. 131

Population (millions) Developing Countries 85+ 80–85 75–79 Male Female 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 Age 35–39 30–34 25–29 Figure 6.9 Global outlook: population structure by age and sex in developing countries and developed countries, 2006. Question: If all girls under 15 had only one child during their lifetimes, how do you think these structures would change over time? (Data from United Nations Population Division and Population Reference Bureau) 20–24 15–19 10–14 5–9 0–4 300 200 100 100 200 300 Population (millions) Fig. 6-9b, p. 131

Figure 6.10 Tracking the baby-boom generation in the United States. U.S. population by age and sex, 1955, 1985, 2015, and 2035 (projected). See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. (Data from U.S. Census Bureau) Fig. 6-10, p. 132

Figure 6.11 Some problems with rapid population decline. Question: Which three of these problems do you think are the most important? Fig. 6-11, p. 133

Some Problems with Rapid Population Decline Can threaten economic growth Labor shortages Less government revenues with fewer workers Less entrepreneurship and new business formation Less likelihood for new technology development Figure 6.11 Some problems with rapid population decline. Question: Which three of these problems do you think are the most important? Increasing public deficits to fund higher pension and health-care costs Pensions may be cut and retirement age increased Fig. 6-11, p. 133

Figure 6.12 Four stages of the demographic transition, which the population of a country can experience when it becomes industrialized. There is uncertainty about whether this model will apply to some of today’s developing countries. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: At what stage is the country where you live? Fig. 6-12, p. 134

Birth rate and death rate Population grows very slowly because of a high birth rate (to compensate for high infant mortality) and a high death rate Stage 1 Preindustrial Growth rate over time 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate Low Death rate Total population Birth rate Population grows rapidly because birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health Decreasing Stage 2 Transitional Increasing Very high Population growth slows as both birth and death rates drop because of improved food production, health, and education Stage 3 Industrial Low Population growth levels off and then declines as birth rates equal and then fall below death rates Stage 4 Postindustrial Negative Zero Figure 6.12 Four stages of the demographic transition, which the population of a country can experience when it becomes industrialized. There is uncertainty about whether this model will apply to some of today’s developing countries. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: At what stage is the country where you live? Stepped Art Fig. 6-12, p. 134

Figure 6.13 Women from a village in the West African country of Burkina Faso returning with fuelwood. Typically they spend 2 hours a day two or three times a week searching for and hauling fuelwood. Fig. 6-13, p. 135