Transcription/Translation Control of Gene Expression Molecular genetics Jeopardy DNA Transcription/Translation Control of Gene Expression Genetic Engineering “trans”genetics 100 200 300 400 500

DNA base pairs are made of these bonds What is hydrogen bonding? Category 1 - 100

The lagging strand is built in these short sequences What are Okazaki fragments Category 1 - 200

These two experiments demonstrated that DNA is the heritable feature (describe them) Daily Double What are Avery/MacLeod- Bacterial transformation due to DNA and Hershey/Chase which showed that viruses insert DNA into their hosts

Rosalind Franklin provided this important evidence for our understanding of DNA X-Ray crystallography, showed helical shape of DNA

This is why the TATAA box makes an ideal sequence to be found in the promoter What is A=T has only 2 H-bonds, allowing the strands to be separated more easily

These molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome What is tRNA?

RNA polymerase binds to this DNA segment What is the promoter?

This process produces many potential proteins from a single DNA gene What is selective/alternate splicing

These two things necessitate the presence of leading and lagging strands Antiparallel nature of DNA DNA polymerase being unidirectional

Draw two amino acids connected by dehydration synthesis Daily Double

In general, a gene will be transcribed if this occurs What is RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter/DNA

An operon is said to be inducible. This means… A repressor blocks the promoter, unless a molecule binds to it (an inducer molecule)

Genes that are “activated” long term had this happen to them What is histone acetylation, exposing the gene

During development, cells of the “eye cup” start growing from the brain towards the exterior. When they come into contact with previously epidermal cells, the epidermal cells begin to develop as lens cells. The above is known as this phenomenon What is embryonic induction?

The protein for a particular gene is not found in a certain cell The protein for a particular gene is not found in a certain cell. These are 5 possible explanations Gene methylated Gene inaccessible Gene repressed No transcription factors microRNAs Post-translational modifications or destruction Mutation in promoter or nonsense mutation

Some restriction enzymes leave these single-stranded regions, which can then anneal to other molecules cut with the same restriction enzyme What are sticky ends?

Gel electrophoresis separates molecules by these two properties What are size and charge

These are 3 major steps in DNA sequencing Digest DNA into fragments Synthesize new strands with some ddNucleotides Separate new fragments by size (electrophoresis)

These are all the requirements necessary to perform PCR (5 at least) PCR Machine (heat/cool), DNA segment, primers, Taq DNA polymerase, nucleotides

During bacterial transformation a pBlu plasmid is used During bacterial transformation a pBlu plasmid is used. The goal of the transformation is to insert an insulin gene into the plasmid and into a bacterium. The plasmid and insulin gene are cut with a restriction enzyme, mixed together, and mixed with the bacteria. The bacteria are shocked and then plated on a plate with ampicllin and X-gal. This is what happened in the bacteria that glow blue What is the sticky ends of the plasmid re-annealed with out the insulin gene being inserted

The formation of mRNA from DNA What is transcription?

This refers to the viral transmission of bacterial genes What is transduction

This process is used to insert genes into bacterial vectors What is transformation?

These are “jumping genes” What are transposons

This refers to the movement of tRNA molecules from one ribosomal binding site to the next What is translocation?