The Muslim World Module 2

Map of Middle East

The Rise of Islam Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes -Connection to three continents (trade) -nomadic Arab herders Desert and Town Life Bedouins clans Courage and loyalty to family; warrior skills Oases; market towns Crossroads of Trade and ideas Silk Road; culture (ideas and information) travels with merchants Mecca Ka’aba Almost 400 idols from various Arab tribes

The Rise of Islam (cont.) Muhammad, Prophet of Islam Jews, Christians; monotheistic Trader Believed he heard a voice Belonged to Angel Gabriel Believed message was from God (Allah) Taught all other gods must be abandoned Islam “submission to the will of Allah” Muslim “one who has submitted” Some of family were first followers

The Rise of Islam (cont.) Muhammad (cont.) Preached publicly in Mecca 613 AD Meccans feared loss of power Hijrah Migration to Yathrib (Medina) Turning point for Muhammad Became strong leader: political, religious, and military

The Rise of Islam (cont.) Muhammad (cont.) Returning to Mecca 10000 followers Leaders surrendered Destroyed idols in Ka’aba Meccans pledged loyalty to Muhammad Muhammad died 2 years later

The Rise of Islam (cont.) Beliefs and Practices of Islam The Five Pillars Faith: statement of faith Prayer: five times a day Alms: social responsibility Fasting: Holy month of Ramadan Pilgrimage: hajj(travel to Mecca)

The Rise of Islam (cont.) Beliefs and Practices of Islam (cont.) A Way of Life Other customs and expectations No pork, alcohol Friday afternoon worship Ulama: religious teachers Sources of Authority Qur’an: holy book of Islam Written in Arabic Sunna: Muhammad’s example for proper living Shari’a: System of laws for Muslim community

The Rise of Islam (cont.) Links to Judaism and Christianity Muslims believe they worship the same god as Jews and Christians View Jesus as a prophet Believe Quran final book; Muhammad final prophet Shari’a law requires tolerance for Jews, Christians

Assignment Complete Lesson 1 Assessment on pg. 47. When completed, select one of the images from Lesson 1 (found on pg 43, 46). Explain what the image is and its purpose. Include who created the item and why and how you believe they made item. Both of these should go in your notebook! These will be the first two grades for the new quarter.

Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Lesson 2: Islam Expands Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Abu-Bakr First Caliph “successor” “Rightly guided” caliph First four caliphs all knew Muhammad Tribes began leaving Islam Jihad: “refers to struggle against evil”; also means armed struggle against non- believers Used to justify Islam expansion By 750AD Muslim empire stretched from Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River

Muhammad’s successors (cont.) Reasons for Success Well disciplined army; talented commanders Northern empires weak Persecuted people of other faiths Offered equality and hope No poll tax Interaction of Conquered people Religious freedom Christians/Jews not permitted to spread religion Poll tax to avoid military service Later leaders would treat non-converts harshly

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis 656 AD Uthman killed; Civil War Ali thought to be natural successor to Uthman Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Muawiya, governor of Syria challenged right to rule Ali assassinated Elective system of choosing caliph died with him

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis (cont.) Umayyads Moved Muslim capital to Damascus Governing territories easier Arab Muslims felt too far from their lands Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony Leads to split in Muslim community Sunni vs. Shi’a Split Who should be Caliph? Majority accepted Umayyad rule: Sunni Minority wanted caliph to be descendant of Muhammad: Shi’a (known as Shi’ites)

Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis (cont.) Sunni vs. Shi’a Split (cont.) Sufi: rejected the luxury life of Umayyads Life of poverty and devotion Turmoil leads to overthrow; Abbasids take control

Control Extends over Three Continents Abbasids murdered remaining members of Umayyad family One survivor: Abd al-Rahman, fled to Spain Established caliphate Already conquered by African Berbers Settled in southern Spain after Battle of Tours Al-Andalus

Control Extends over Three Continents (cont.) Abbasids consolidate power Moved capital to Baghdad (central Iraq) Key trade routes Strong bureaucracy Treasury Department of the Army Diplomacy Taxes of land, imports and exports, and non-Muslim wealth

Control Extends over Three Continents (cont.) Rival Groups Divide Muslim lands Abbasids (750 – 1258 AD) Fatimid caliphate emerges (Shi’a) Muhammad’s daughter Fatima Still connected to Abbasid caliphate Muslim Trade network Sea trade Muslim money changers set up banks Letters of credit, sakks