The Renaissance Transition Profound Changes A revival of learning Writing in the vernacular Johannes Gutenberg: Movable-type printing press

The Renaissance Art and Architecture Art Anatomy Shading Perspective Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo

The Renaissance Art and Architecture Sculpture Architecture Relief Freestanding Architecture

The Renaissance Learning More private teachers Academies Humanities were taught Goal: To become well-rounded

The Renaissance Variations Italy Northern Europe Petrarch: Father of Humanism Castiglione Machiavelli Northern Europe Erasmus Sir Thomas More

The Renaissance Consequences Positive Seeking the truth Renewed interest in Scripture Emphasis on individual Development of movable-type printing Widespread education

The Renaissance Consequences Negative Emphasized man rather than God Weakening of moral restraints

Discontent with the Church of Rome Doctrine Transubstantiation Necessity of works in addition to faith for salvation Other writings and traditions became authoritative Confession of sins to priests

Discontent with the Church of Rome Persecution Inquisition Corruption Scandals Boniface VIII Struggle for control of papacy Sale of indulgences Dissatisfaction of the People

The Reformation Forerunners Reformers John Wycliffe John Huss Martin Luther Ninety-five Theses Salvation is a gift that cannot be earned Translated the Bible

The Reformation Ulrich Zwingli Anabaptists John Calvin Rejected infant baptism Believed in local churches, free of state control John Calvin Institutes of the Christian Religion

The Reformation Central Doctrines Scripture alone Faith alone Priesthood of the believer

The Reformation Results Freedom Citizenship Family life Education

The Reformation Reaction Catholic Counter Reformation Society of Jesus Inquisition Index of Prohibited Books Council of Trent Written statement of all Catholic doctrines No essential changes in Catholic doctrine

The Reformation Reaction Wars of Religion Huguenots Thirty Years’ War