Section 2.3 Page 37-41 Carbon Compounds

Vocabulary Words Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic acid Protein Amino acid

Organic compounds Are compounds containing carbon atoms that are bonded to other elements

Organic compounds 4 principle classes found in living things (cells do not function without them) Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

CARBOHYDRATES Organic compounds made of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1:2:1 Are a key source of energy Are found in fruits and grains

Can be made of simple sugars Monosaccharides Ex: glucose & fructose Glucose is a major source of energy in cells

Disaccharides Composed of two monosaccharides Ex: sucrose (aka table sugar) Made of glucose & fructose

Polysaccharides Composed of three or more monosaccharides Ex: starch (made of multiple glucose units)

Are examples of macromolecules Large molecules made of many smaller molecules

Some function as energy storehouses for living organisms Starch – made by plants from glucose molecules Glycogen – made by animals from glucose molecules

Cellulose is a polysaccharide that gives support to plants, but is not digestible by humans

LIPIDS Non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water Ex: fats, steroids, waxes, phospholipids, pigments (like chlorophyll)

Are important to the structure and function of our cell membranes Phospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes

Steroids include cholesterol which is found in all animal cell membranes

Fats – lipids that store energy This is because bonds between carbon and hydrogen are full of energy so fats store large amounts of energy

A typical fat contains three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule A fatty acid is a chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them

Saturated fatty acids are chains of carbons bonded to two hydrogen atoms

Straight molecules that are usually solid at room temperature Ex: butter, lard, grease from meats

Unsaturated fatty acid Carbon-hydrogen chains with double bonds between some carbon atoms Produce kinks in the chain

Ex: plant oils, fish oils Usually liquid at room temperature

PROTEINS Proteins Chain of molecules called amino acids that are linked together Type of protein is determined by the number, type and arrangement of amino acids present

Amino acids – Building blocks of proteins 20 different amino acids in proteins Each one has a unique structure

Enzymes Proteins that cause chemical reactions Are catalysts (chemicals that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy)

Examples… Collagen – most abundant protein in body (found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones) Antibodies – help fight against infection

Examples… Hemoglobin – found in blood, carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues

NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids Are found in all cells Two types – DNA & RNA Are long chains of smaller molecules called nucleotides A, T, C, G in DNA A, U, C, G in RNA

Nucleotides have 3 parts: Sugar, base, & phosphate group

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid 2 strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between bases (across the molecule)

Form chromosomes that give hereditary information to make proteins

RNA – ribonucleic acid Single strand of nucleotides Used for cell function and making of proteins

ATP – adenosine triphosphate Single nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups that store energy Main energy for cells – need ATP to function

Nucleic Acids When food is broken down in cells, some energy is stored as ATP and some is used by the cell

NOW… What are the 4 principle classes found in living things? 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____