2-3 Carbon Compounds Objectives: 1) Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds.

Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

The Chemistry of Carbon Has 4 valence electrons Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond Can bond with many elements

The Chemistry of Carbon Cont’d A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms Form chains that are almost unlimited in length Single, double, triple covalent bonds Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures No other element can do this

Macromolecules Macromolecules: “giant molecules”, a large molecule made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands smaller molecules Made from polymerization Monomers are put together to make polymers

Macromolecules Cont’d 4 groups of organic compounds (a.k.a. biomolecules) found in living things Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Quick Question What is polymerization?

Quick Answer The process in which monomers are joined together to form larger molecules called polymers

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates: compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants and animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

Carbohydrates Cont’d The breakdown of sugar (glucose) gives immediate energy for all cell activities Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates Starches

Carbohydrates Cont’d Monosaccarides: single sugar molecules Glucose Galactose (milk) Fructose (fruit)

Carbohydrates Cont’d Polysaccharides: the large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides Glycogen: (animal starch) animals way of storing extra sugar When animal’s blood sugar (glucose) runs low, glycogen is released from the liver

Carbohydrates Cont’d Plants Use plant starch to store extra sugar Make cellulose Cellulose: tough, flexible cellulose fibers give plants much of their strength and rigidity

Lipids Lipids: not soluble in water, Can be used to store energy. Fats, oils, waxes Steroids (chemical messengers) Can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

Lipids Cont’d Many lipids are created when a glycerol molecule (extra sugar) combines with fatty acids Saturated: animal fat (bad) Fried foods, fatty meat Leads to heart disease, heart attacks, strokes

Did you know? African-Americans have the highest rate of heart disease (24.5%) Diabetes, poor diet, overweight, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol use puts you more at risk Causes 1 in 4 male deaths About 64% of women that die from heart disease have no symptoms

Lipids Cont’d Unsaturated: plant fat (good) Our bodies need it but can’t make it Liquid at room temperature Olive oil, corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil

Did you know? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwlFcP24nHQ

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: macromolecules, polymers made from individual monomers (nucleotides)

Nucleic Acids Cont’d Nucleotides: monomers (thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil) that make nucleic acids through covalent bonds

Nucleic Acids Cont’d Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information RNA DNA

Working DNA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKW-bQDQMds Crystal Baker

Proteins Proteins: Macromolecules Polymers of molecules Amino Acids 20+ different amino acids All identical where covalent bonds join Allows any amino acid to be joined to another amino acid Among the most diverse macromolecule

Proteins Cont’d Each protein has a specific job Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes Form bones and muscles Transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease

Proteins Cont’d Up to 4 levels of organization Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain Amino acids w/I a chain can be twisted or folded The chain itself is folded I more than one chain, each chain has a specific arrangement in space

Exit Ticket Answer the following question. Use complete sentences. You may NOT use your book. You MAY use your notes. This is a quiz grade Describe the functions of each group of organic compounds.