ANCIENT SPAIN GREEKS CELTS IBERIANS PHOENICIANS TARTESSOS CARTHAGINIANS CELTS IBERIANS TARTESSOS

Ancient Spain Pre-Roman Hispania

PRE-ROMAN SPAIN: THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS Two cultural groups inhabited the Iberian Peninsula during the second half of the first millennium BC: the Celts and the Iberians They are referred to as Pre-Roman peoples because they were living in the Iberian Peninsula at the time of the Roman conquest.

PRE-ROMAN PEOPLES: THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS Were indigenous people Settled in the east and south of the Iberian Peninsula The most notable Iberian peoples were the Bastetani, the Edetani, the Turdetani and the Oretani IBERIAN WARRIOR They would later intermingle with Celtic invaders

PRE-ROMAN SPAIN: THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS CELTIC WARRIOR Came from Central Europe Settled in northern, central and western regions of the Iberian Peninsula, but also in several southern regions. Some of the Celtic peoples were the Arevaci, Vaccaei, Vettones, Asturs and Gallaeci

THE CELTS AND THE IBERIANS LOCATION walled settlements in the soulth and east of the Iberian Peninsula. fortified settlements (castros) in the north, centre and west of the Iberian Peninlsula on high ground. SOCIETY Tribes ruled by a king. tribes formed by clans, and each clan made up of several families. POWER King, noblemen, priests and warriors. minority: Druids: priests, doctors ECONOMY Agriculture: celreal, olive, grapevine Livestock Mining (gold, silver, copper, iron) Handicrafts (forging, pottery, fabrics) Metalworking Active trade with Greeks and Cathaginians Self-sufficent Livestock farming Hunting (deer and wild boar) Agriculture (cereal) Manufacture of iron and bronze (jewellery and weapons) Pottery and wool fabrics Little active trade BELIEFS Female divinities in sanctuaries. Cremated dead people. Kept their dead’s ashes in urns. Stars and elements of nature. Cremated corpses. KNOWLEDGE could write Made coins ART: funerary buildings, sculptures Could not write Did not know how to make coins ART: jewels and bull sculptures

CELTIC IBERIAN CELTIC AND IBERIAN ART THE LADY OF ELCHE, THE BEST EXAMPLE OF IBERIAN ART BULLS OF GUISANDO, IN EL TIEMBLO, AVILA THE LADY OF BAZA CELTIC IBERIAN

CELTIC AND IBERIAN SETTLEMENTS Fortified settlements Round houses made of stone and adobe and roofed with branches Houses followed no logical plan Walled settlements Rectangular houses made of adobe and roofed with branches Houses formed streets in a line.

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC Colonising peoples came from eastern Mediterranean in search of metals. Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians. Settled along the Peninsula’s eastern and western coasts. Founded cities, colonies and established relationships with the indigenous peoples of the period.

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC PHOENICIANS Came from eastern Mediterranean and arrived in about the 9th century BC. Carried out important trade. Sailed the Mediterranean sea to get raw materials and to keep commecial relationlships. Settled along the Mediterranean coast,in Sicily, Carthago (northern Afica) and in the south of the Iberian Peninsula Gadir (Cádiz), Sexi (almuñecar), Malaca (Málaga), Abdera (Adra) Main contributions: grow vines, salt fish, use the potter’s wheel, create purple fabric dyes and use alphabetic writing.

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC GREEKS Came from the Greek poleis. Became rivals of the Phoenicians in the Mediterranean. Reached the peninsula in the 8th century BC. Inhabitated the east coast from Catalonia to Valencia. Founded colonies such as Rodhes (Roses), Hemeros-Kopeion (Denia) and Emporion (Ampurias) Kept relationships with the Tartessos Main contributions: money, writing, grow olive trees and art

THE IBERIAN PENINSULA IN THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC CARTHAGINIANS Came from Carthage, in North Africa Settled on the Balearic Island in the 7th century BC Became the Phoenicians’ successors. Controlled the Phoenicas’s settements and founded others Carthago-Nova (Cartagena), Ebyssos (Ibiza), Mago (Mahón) Accomplished military colonization Beat the Greeks and forced them to abandon the Iberian Peninsula In the 3rd century BC, the Roman victory over Hanibal Barca (Carthaginian leader), in the second Punic War led to the expulsion of the Carthaginians from Hispania

TARTESSOS: THE FIRST STATE IN THE PENINSULA Oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula Occupied the south east of the Iberian Peninsula. Economy based on agriculture, livestock farming, mining and iron working. Extracted copper, silver and tin Kept commercial relationships with Phoenicians and Greeks in exchange of fabric, oil, jewels and ivory Adopted agriculture techniques and silvlversmithing Had a knowledge of writing and developed a refined form of art. Iberians succeded Tartessos from the 5th century BC .

TARTESSIAN TREASURE OF ALISEDA FOUND IN EL CARAMBOLO (SEVILLE)

ROMAN CONQUEST OF HISPANIA Hanibal broke the deal of frontiers with the Romans in the Iberian Peninsula when he attacked Sagunto, an ally of Rome. Conflict led to the Second Punic War (218 BC-201 BC) Roman general Scipio Africanus reached the peninsula and expelled the Carthaginians. The Romans occupied the Peninsula ROMAN LEGIONARY

ROMAN CONQUEST OF HISPANIA Roman Conquest developed in 3 stages: Romans landed in Emporion. Ilipa Battle put an end to the Carthaginians’ control in the Iberian Peninsula in 206 BC. Conquered the Mediterranean Coast and Valleys of Ebro and Guadalquivir FIRST PHASE: 218 – 197 BC SECOND PHASE: 154 – 133 BC Occupied the Meseta region, beat Lusitans and the last Celtiberians in Numancia Conquered the Balearic Islands and after defeating the Cantabri and Asturs, occupied the North except for a few Vasconi villages. Emperor Augustus ended the conquest in 19 BC. THIRD PHASE: 29 – 19 BC

TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION OF HISPANIA All the land conquered by the Romans was called HISPANIA. Divided the territory into provinces. Each province was ruled by a governor. Each province was split in Conventus. Provincial capitals became political, economic and cultural centres of large regions. Founded new cities (colonies) to house retired legionaries and people from Rome. Tarraco (Tarragona), Emerita Augusta (Mérida), Hispalis (Sevilla), Corduba (Córdoba) and Valentia (Valencia).

Roman Hispania In the beginning there were only two provinces: Citerior and Ulteriour In the late 3rd century the territory in Hispania was divided into 5 provinces: Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia and Carthaginiensis.

ROMAN HISPANIA: SOCIETY Roman families, patricians Hispanic families involved in the government PlebeIANS: Artisans, shopkeepers, little landowners Hispanic people punished for fighting the romans. They worked as miners, farmers or home maids FREE PEOPLE (CITIZENS) ALL FREEDMEN AND WOMEN WERE DENIED THE RIGHT OF CITIZENSHIP REGARDLESS OF THEIR WEALTH SLAVES (NON CITIZENS)

ECONOMY IN HISPANIA MINING TRADE AGRICULTURE HANDICRAFTS EXPORTED WHEAT, WINE, OIL, SALTED FISH, METALS AND SLAVES IMPORTED LUXURY PRODUCTS (PERFUME) GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, IRON, LEAD, AND MERCURY MAIN ECONOMY RESOURCE INCREASE IN PRODUCTION THANKS TO THE ROMAN PLOUGH, NEW IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES AND BARBECHO WINE, VINES AND OLIVES POTTERY (AMPHORAE), OLIVE OIL, WINE, IRON PRODUCTS, TEXTILES, GLASSWAREAND SALTED FISH

ECONOMY IN HISPANIA COMMON CURRENCY PRESSING OLIVES TO MAKE OIL VINEYARDS SALTED FISH PAVED ROADS PLOUGH POTTERY WHEAT FIELDS

PROCESS OF PROGRESSIVE ADAPTATION TO ROMAN WAYS OF LIFE ROMANIZATION PROCESS OF PROGRESSIVE ADAPTATION TO ROMAN WAYS OF LIFE By the 1st century AD Roman control was virtually complete. With the exception of the Vascones, the whole Iberian population would be romanized. Hispanic people assimitaled Roman culture gradually. Latin imposed over the indigenous languages All citizens in Hispania were subjectet to the same Roman Law Roman religion and later christianity was adopted in most of the territory. Cities became spots for cultural spread. Cities were connected thanks to a wide net of new roads Legionaries became the main vehicle of romanization

A Hispano-Roman villa

LEGACY OF ANCIENT SPAIN PRE-ROMAN ROMAN Coin Alphabet Olive and grapevine Cultural heritage Latin Roman Law Christian religion Architecture: amphitheatres Engineering: bridges, aqueducts, baths, roads

HISPANO-ROMAN Architecture ROMAN THEATRE, MERIDA ROMAN BRIDGE, ALCANTARA (CACERES) ROMAN AMPHITHEATRE, ITALICA ROMAN AQUEDUCT, SEGOVIA

HISPANO-ROMAN Architecture MAUSOLEUM OF FABARA, ZARAGOZA) ARC DE BARA, TARRAGONA TOWER OF HERCULES, A CORUÑA ROMAN THEATRE, CARTAGENA