September 21, 2016 APUSH

1777 Slave Petition With a partner, share your responses to the questions regarding the slave petition of 1777. On a separate sheet of paper compare/contrast the 1775 text from the Virginia Gazette and this text: Three differences One similarity

Slavery and the Revolution In 1776, 20% of U.S., about 500,000 people, were slaves. Slavery, often defined as the opposite of liberty By the Revolution, slavery was entrenched in every American colony. Nearly every founding father owned slaves at some point Jefferson had more than 100 in 1776 Some patriots argued that slavery for blacks allowed freedom for whites, Giving white men economic independence. “Protection of Property” For African-Americans, the Revolution’s ideals and the war presented an opportunity for freedom. In 1776, one-fifth of the new nation’s inhabitants, about 500,000 people, were slaves. Slavery was central to the language of the Revolution. Other than “liberty,” it was the word most often used in this era’s legal and political writings. Slavery, often defined as the opposite of liberty, was primarily political in its meaning, and signified the denial of an individual’s personal and political rights by arbitrary government. Even slaveowners resisting or fighting the British expressed that they were “enslaved” by their enemies. By the Revolution, slavery was entrenched in every American colony. Nearly every founding father, North and South, owned slaves at some point. When writing of man’s unalienable right to liberty in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson owned more than 100 slaves, all of whom made possible his pursuit of leisure and arts and sciences. Some patriots argued that slavery for blacks allowed freedom for whites, by removing the dependent poor from the political nation and giving white men economic independence. John Locke’s vision of the political community as a group of individuals who contracted together to protect their natural rights was also used to defend slavery. The rights of self-government and the protection of property from government interference, some argued, prevented the government from interfering with their human property. Government intervention with their slave property, these whites complained, would make slaves of them.

Abolition Notice A 1775 notice in The Massachusetts Spy reporting a resolution of the Committees of Correspondence of Worcester County that advocated the abolition of slavery. Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Slavery and the Revolution: Emancipation 5,000 slaves fought for American independence (some gained their freedom) Nearly 100,000 slaves escaped and fled to British lines Many in Georgia and South Carolina At war’s end, nearly 20,000 former slaves faced being returned to their owners Many emigrated to England or other British colonies. During the war, most states banned or discouraged the further importation of African slaves In the 1780s, a significant number of slaveholders, especially in Virginia and Maryland, emancipated their slaves Although 5,000 slaves fought for American independence, by which some gained their freedom, many more slaves obtained their liberty by siding with the British. Several proclamations by British generals offered freedom to slaves who enlisted in the British military. Nearly 100,000 slaves, including many in Georgia and South Carolina, escaped and fled to British lines. Although by the end of the war many had been recaptured, nearly 20,000 former slaves faced being returned to their owners, like George Washington, who insisted that they rejoin their owners. But the British refused, and many emigrated to England or other British colonies. The Revolution momentarily seemed to threaten the perpetuation of slavery. During the war, most states banned or discouraged the further importation of African slaves, and the conflict devastated many southern plantations. In the 1780s, a significant number of slaveholders, especially in Virginia and Maryland, emancipated their slaves. This happened only very rarely in the other southern states.

Phillis Wheatley Born in West Africa, sold into slavery at age 7 Purchased by John Wheatley and his family living in Boston Taught to read and write Became the first published African-American poet https://www.nps.gov/revwar/educational_resources/nps_teachers_guide/lesson_2.pdf A portrait of the poet Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784). Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

Phillis Wheatley’s Poem to George Washington In 1776, Phillis Wheatley wrote a poem for General George Washington, which we shall read along with the correspondence Questions: What compelled Wheatley to write this poem? How would you characterize the correspondence between Washington and Wheatley? How would Washington’s response be surprising given societal norms of the time period?

Abolition in the North/Free Black Communities Between 1777 and 1804, every northern state moved toward emancipation. Most northern laws allowed for gradual emancipation. Living slaves were not freed; only the children of slave mothers would become free after serving the master until adulthood, to compensate for the loss of property. Large, free black communities exist for the first time in American history. Own churches, schools, etc. In almost all states, free black men who met taxpaying or property requirements could vote. Slavery survived the war and thrived in its aftermath. 1776=500,000 slaves1790=700,000 slaves

Women and the American Revolution APUSH PERIOD 3

Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams and mother of John Quincy Adams (more on him later) One of the most documented first ladies in U.S. history Letter correspondence

Abigail Adams’ Letter to Husband John For the Abigail Adams letter, answer the following questions: How would you characterize the relationship between Abigail and John Adams? What plea does Abigail Adams bring forth to her husband regarding women? What support does she provide for this plea?

Keep Within Compass Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th Edition Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company