Issues in Political Geography Law of the Sea

Territorial Seas From Human Geography, 7th Edition –de Blij/Murphy National claims to adjacent waters originated in Europe in 14th Century Definition of territorial seas? First definitions centered on the distance a cannonball could be fired - A ship in range of a cannonball was in territorial waters Problem with this measure? This led to varied definitions – 3, 4 and 6 miles League of Nations starts discussion of definition of territorial seas in 20th Century

Truman Proclamation – 1945 Two separate proclamations which defined modern territorial seas and Law of the Sea 1. U.S. would henceforth regulate fishing activities of the high seas adjacent to its coastlines – all else is free/open 2. U.S. regards the natural resources of SEABED and SUBSOIL of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the U.S. Subject to the jurisdiction and control of the U.S. government to the 12-mile and 600-foot isobath limits High seas above the continental shelf would remain open

What is a Continental Shelf. http://www. ri

Anatomy of a Continental Shelf http://www. britannica. com

Still another view of boundaries http://geo-boundaries. blogspot

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf

http://archive.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/16-02/mf_continentalshelf?currentPage=all

Continental Shelf & Truman Proclamation http://arcticboy.arcticboy.com/view.php?q=Pictures%20Of%20A%20Continental%20Shelf&url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/org/atlantic/images/unclos_2_e.jpg Underscored unequal distribution of C.S. – U.S. east coast US gained 2.5 M sq/km of offshore territory 1946 - other countries began to follow suit – Mexico first Chile and Peru claimed 200 miles Why these two countries?

http://www.maphill.com/mexico/3d-maps/physical-map/darken/

Why are Continental Shelves important. http://en. wikipedia

United Nations Conference on Law of the Sea - UNCLOS UNCLOS I – 1958 – formed the framework for L o S issues, but nothing came of it UNCLOS II – 1960 – it, too was unsuccessful UNCLOS III – 1973-1982 – ended with only 4 states opposed to it – U.S. one of them 157 states signed on within two years

UNCLOS III – Key Provisions Territorial Seas - permits states to delimit territory up to 12 miles and sovereignty extends in all forms in this zone Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – state has economic rights up to 200 nautical miles (just over 230 statute miles) – right to control exploration/exploitation of natural resources in the water, seabed and subsoil below. This means fish, minerals on the seafloor, oil, etc. all belong to the state. If CS extends beyond 200 nm from the shore, the coastal state can go up to 350 nm from shore Common Heritage Clause - Minerals belong to “humankind” and their exploitation is subject to UN management. This clause to benefit “Geographically Disadvantaged States.”

Dark Blue = Parties, dually represented by the European Union   Pink = Signatories   Red = Non-parties https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea

International Waters http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f1/Internationalwaters.png

http://www. peacepalacelibrary http://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/research-guides/public-international-law-special-topics/law-of-the-sea/

Median Line Principle First, where is this, geographers? http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ZERP.jpg/250px-ZERP.jpg First, where is this, geographers? What happens when two or more states are not 400 miles apart?

Or, divide it like the North Sea countries did http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/North_sea_eez.PNG/180px-North_sea_eez.PNG

Here is this map again… http://southchinaseastudies.org

More boundary claims http://www. infobarrel

Key terms and concepts Territorial Seas Truman Proclamation Seabed and Subsoil 12 mile & 600 ft isobath Continental Shelf Examples of countries with large, productive continental shelves UNCLOS I, II and III EEZs Common Heritage Clause Geographically Disadvantaged States Median Line Principle Innocent Passage Marine Protected Area

International Union for the Conservation of Nature Cat International Union for the Conservation of Nature  Ia Strict nature reserve A marine reserve usually connotes "maximum protection", where all resource removals are strictly prohibited. In countries such as Kenya and Belize, marine reserves allow for low-risk removals to sustain local communities. Ib Wilderness area II National park Marine parks emphasize the protection of ecosystems but allow light human use. A marine park may prohibit fishing or extraction of resources, but allow recreation. Some marine parks, such as those in Tanzania, are zoned and allow activities such as fishing only in low risk areas. III Natural monuments or features Established to protect historical sites such as shipwrecks and cultural sites such as aboriginal fishing grounds. IV Habitat/species management area Established to protect a certain species, to benefit fisheries, rare habitat, as spawning/nursing grounds for fish, or to protect entire ecosystems. V Protected seascape Limited active management, as with protected landscapes. VI Sustainable use of natural resources

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