Introduction to the Structural Units Chapter 1 Introduction to the Structural Units

A and P Anatomy Physiology Shape and structures of an organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another Physiology Function of each body part and how the functions of the various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

Branches of Anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Developmental anatomy Comparative anatomy Systematic anatomy

Terms for Location or Position and Directions Anterior or ventral Front or in front of Posterior or dorsal Back or in back of Cranial and caudal Refer to direction of either toward the “head end” or “tail end” Superior and inferior Above or below another

Terms for Location or Position and Directions, etc. Medial and lateral Toward the midline or away from the midline Proximal and distal Toward or away from the point of attachment or origin Superficial or external On or near the surface or deep (internal)

Body Planes and Sections Sagittal plane Right and left parts Midsagittal plane Equal right and left parts Coronal (frontal) plane Vertical at right angles to the sagittal plane Transverse or cross section Horizontal; divides body into upper and lower parts

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Brain and spinal cord Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions Epigastric region (upper) Just below sternum Right and left hypochondriac Just below ribs Umbilical (middle) Located around the navel Right and left lumbar Extend from anterior to posterior Hypogastric (lower) Pubic area Right and left iliac Also called right and left inguinal areas

Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity Nasal cavity Buccal cavity Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ducts Nasal cavity Parts that form the nose Buccal cavity Teeth and and tongue

Life Functions Living organisms may be one-celled organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc. All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions These functions allow living organisms to live, grow and maintain themselves

Life Functions Movement Ingestion Digestion Transport Respiration Muscle system Ingestion Digestive system Digestion Transport Circulatory system Respiration Respiratory system Synthesis Digestive system

Life Functions Assimilation Growth Secretion Excretion Digestive system Growth Skeletal system Secretion Endocrine system Excretion Urinary system Regulation (sensitivity) Nervous system Reproduction Reproductive system

Human Development Cells Tissues Organs Organ system

Body Processes Metabolism Functional activities of the cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions Anabolism Building up Catabolism Breaking down

Homeostasis Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits Essential to survival Works on a negative feedback system