Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level ClickBiology Cambridge IGCSE Biology Extended Level Cells 1

You should be able to: Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 2

Vocabulary Cell membrane Cell Wall Vacuole Cytoplasm Nucleus Chloroplast Mitochondria Cell Tissue Organ Organ system with examples Organism

Cell Basic unit of structure and function of all living things Cell Theory All living things are made up of cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things All cells come from pre-existing cells

Animal Cell Parts Cell membrane - controls what enters and leaves the cell Cytoplasm – clear jelly, nearly all water, substances such as proteins are dissolved in it. DNA - contains the coded instructions to make proteins Nucleus - contains the DNA and so controls the cell

A section through a liver cell (animal cell): cell membrane nucleus controls what enters and leaves the cell contains the DNA and so controls the cell cytoplasm DNA metabolic (chemical) reactions occur here contains the coded instructions to make proteins 6

Plant Cell Parts Cell Membrane – same as animal cells Cytoplasm – same as animal cells Cellulose Cell Wall – gives shape to the cell, allows water and dissolved substances to pass through. Vacuoles – filled with water to help give shape to the cell Chloroplasts – photosynthesis and stores starch

Section through a palisade cell of a leaf (plant cell) chloroplast cell membrane large sap vacuole nucleus cellulose cell wall cytoplasm

You should be able to: Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 9

Comparing animal and plant cells Found in both animal and plant cells Found only in plant cells cell membrane cellulose cell wall nucleus large sap vacuole cytoplasm chloroplast Have them draw a chart of the differences between the animal and plant cells 10

Microscope View the slide onion. Sketch the image at Scanning, Low and High Power. LABEL on high power the CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM, and NUCLEUS. http://www.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/micros cope/

You should be able to: Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 13

Bellwork 9/11/13 1) What is cytoplasm? 2) What type of cells are chloroplasts found in? 3) What is in the large sap vacuole?

Red blood cells transport oxygen cytoplasm contains no nucleus cell surface membrane allows more room for haemoglobin cytoplasm contains haemoglobin haemoglobin is a protein which carries the oxygen molecules bi-concave disc shape increases surface area over which absorption of oxygen can occur

Red Blood Cells NO NUCLEUS Travel through your blood vessels delivering oxygen and removing wastes Appear red because they contain hemoglobin that binds oxygen for transport Function: transport NO NUCLEUS

Muscle cells contract and enable movement of the body Muscle cells have many nuclei nucleus cell surface membrane protein strands The strands of protein slide over each other making the muscle cell (fibre) shorter and causing the muscle to contract

Muscle Cells They need to know the names of all 3. The cardiac muscle is in the heart…the skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton and are what makes us move. The smooth muscle cell is what makes the stomach and intestines contract to move food through.

Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust away from the lungs Cilia are small extensions of the cell. They beat rhythmically to sweep mucus, which has trapped bacteria and dust, away from the lungs nucleus magnification X3000

Ciliated Cells

Xylem vessels transport water and minerals up the plant xylem vessels are continuous tubes xylem vessel no cytoplasm hollow: allows for continuous flow of water and dissolved mineral ions lignin water-proof and strong; helps support the plant longitudinal section cross-section

Root hair cells absorb minerals and water from the soil Cross-section of a root hair cell cell membrane semi-permeable, so will allow water and mineral ions into the cell cytoplasm contains no chloroplasts as no photosynthesis is needed root hair increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions

Root Hair Cell cells found near to the tip of the roots of plants. Most water enters the root through them. The thin hair-like extension of each cell gives a large surface for water to enter across. Function: absorption

You should be able to: Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. 24

A tissue is a group of cells of similar structure that perform a shared function upper epidermal tissue palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll tissue lower epidermal Tissues found in the leaf Cross-section of a leaf Animal tissues: muscle tissue nervous tissue

An organ is a structure made of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions heart lungs liver stomach brain kidneys Plant organs include the stem and the leaves

An organ system is a group of organs that coordinate to perform related functions lymphatic system digestive system reproductive system skeletal system endocrine system respiratory system excretory system muscular system nervous system circulatory system In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem

Levels of organisation systems cell tissue organ organism nerve cell nervous tissue brain nervous system Homo sapiens smallest largest

Now you should be able to: Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts. Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells. Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells. Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples. Now you should be able to Explain why many animals have a heart and circulation (a mass transport system) And Explain the importance of water as a solvent in transport, including its dipole nature. 29

Now write down everything you remember from the presentation Don’t refer to your text book straight away, see what information you have retained. Check the notes you have made by checking your book. 30

ClickBiology Edexcel AS Level Biology Next video: Transport into and out of the cell (diffusion, osmosis and active transport) 31