Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Presentation by: Mahendra Kandel For: Bachelor of Pharmacy (NIST) 29 November, 2010 Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Anatomy and physiology: Contents Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2: Cellular structure and cellular reproduction Unit 3: Tissues Unit 4: Systems: Skeletal System Muscular System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Gastrointestinal system Nervous System Endocrine System Reproductive System Urinary System Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Unit 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Definition of Anatomy and Physiology Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical position Anatomical planes Directional terms Body regions Body cavities and membranes Homeostasis Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Definitions Anatomy: 1. The word "anatomy" comes from the Greek ana- meaning up or through + tome meaning a cutting. Therefore, Anatomy is a "cutting up" because the structure of the body is originally learned through dissecting it, cutting it up. 2. ANATOMY is the study, classification, and description of structures and organs of the body. 3. The science of the body structure of an organism and its parts. Gross anatomy involves structures that can be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy (or histology) which involves structures seen under the microscope. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Definitions Physiology: The word physiology is from Greek language, physis, "nature" and logos, "study of". the branch of biology dealing with the functions and vital processes of living organisms or their parts and organs the functions and vital processes, collectively (of an organism, or of an organ or system of organs) Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology It is the unity of form ( Anatomy) and function (physiology) Anatomy deals with the structure of the related organs and the physiology deals with the functions and processes. For example: description of different organs is related to anatomy and how each organ functions with respect to each other is related with Physiology. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Anatomical Position Features/ Characteristics of Anatomical Position: Person stands erect Feet flat on floor Arms at sides and forearms in Supine Position Palms, eyes & face facing forward Anatomical Position is the Standard frame of reference for anatomical descriptions & dissection Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Forearm Positions Supine palms face forwards or upwards radius & ulna are parallel Prone palms face rearward or downward radius & ulna are crossed Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Anatomical Position The dead anatomical position has the person lying flat on his back, arms by the sides, palms facing upwards. This is lying SUPINE Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Anatomical Planes and Sections Planes are imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body sections are anatomical views if body is cut on a plane Sagittal plane divides body into right and left halves median plane creates equal halves Frontal (coronal) plane divides body into front & back portions Transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into upper & lower portions Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Typical Sectional Views of the Body Sagittal Frontal Transverse Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Directional Terms anterior (ventral) surface of human is surface of chest & belly………….towards the front posterior (dorsal) surface of human is back side Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel VENTRAL & DORSAL Only shows Anterior aspects (Front) DORSAL/ POSTERIOR VENTRAL/ ANTERIOR (Back) Although there is a choice of terms, convention has usually has settled on a particular pair; and, if ‘dorsal’ is used for one side of a structure, then ‘ventral’ should be applied to the other (ditto for anterior/posterior) Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Directional terms MEDIAL & LATERAL Thumb points Laterally (Outwards) Little finger lies Medially (Towards the midline) MEDIAN (Midline) Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Directional Terms RIGHT LEFT RIGHT & LEFT LEFT arm, RIGHT kidney, MEDIAN (Midline) Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Directional Terms PROXIMAL DISTAL (Close) PROXIMAL & DISTAL (Far) Proximal and distal apply to long structures that have a start somewhere, e.g., a limb, a finger, an artery, a section of the gut, bones. Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Directional terms SUPERIOR & INFERIOR SUPERIOR (Upper) Lip (Lower) INFERIOR Lip SUPERIOR INFERIOR Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Body Regions Axial region = head (cephalic), neck (Cervical), Thorax, Abdomen and pelvic region [Anterior and Posterior views] Appendicular region = upper & lower limbs upper limb Brachium (arm), antebrachium (forearm), carpus (wrist), palm and digits (fingers)=manus (hand) lower limb thigh,Patella, crus (leg), tarsus (ankle), pes (foot) & digits (toes) Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Figure 1.7A Regional terms for body areas Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Figure 1.7B Regional terms for body areas Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

BODY WALL & CAVITIES: Casing & Contents The body wall is musculo-skeletal and covered with skin The cavities house soft organs: some tubular or bag-like with a space(s) inside (the lumen), others are more solid, e.g., the spleen, kidneys, and liver. These all are the VISCERA. ‘SOMATIC’ is applied to the limbs and body wall, ‘VISCERAL’ to the viscera Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Body Cavities and Membranes Major body cavities dorsal body cavity cranial cavity vertebral canal ventral body cavity thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity Cavities are lined by membranes and Filled with viscera Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Body Cavities Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel 27

BODY CAVITIES I Ventral Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel THORACIC (Chest) Further subdivided into PLEURAL CAVITIES (lungs) & PERICARDIAL CAVITY (for the heart) DIAPHRAGM - a moving muscular sheet for separation & breathing ABDOMINAL (Belly) PELVIC Belly button = Umbilicus Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Abdominal Quadrants and Regions Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Figure 1.11A Abdominopelvic regions Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Figure 1.11B Abdominopelvic regions Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Thoracic Cavity Mediastinum = cavity separating left from right pleural cavities heart, blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, & thymus Pleural cavities filled with lungs Membranes visceral & parietal pleural cover lungs & line rib cage visceral & parietal pericardium cover heart & line pericardial sac Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Pericardial Membranes Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Pleural Membranes Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Abdominopelvic Cavity Pelvic brim separates abdomen & pelvic cavity abdominal cavity contains GI tract, kidneys & ureters pelvic cavity contains rectum, bladder, urethra & reproductive organs Membranes = visceral & parietal peritoneum Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel

Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel Thank you!! Presentation BY: Mahendra Kandel