Lab Safety: Read directions carefully and follow the procedure. Report broken glassware to teacher immediately. Take out contacts for labs. Always wear safety goggles. Check cords for exposed wires. Never expose electricity to water. Don’t open specimen jars. Only handle specimens with permission from the teacher. Do not drink chemicals. Handle all chemicals carefully. Do not smell chemicals – waft to smell. Always return lab materials to the teacher.

Prefixes/ Suffixes Endo-: inside, endothermic Exo-: outside, exothermic Meso-: middle, mesosphere Chloro-: green, chloroplasts Hyper-: above, hyperactive Hypo-: below, hypothermia -itis: inflammation, arthritis Micro-: small, microscopic Macro-: large, macroorganism -phobia: fear, hydrophobia -philia: to like, hemophilia, thermophile poly-: many, polysaccharide Hetero-: different, heterotroph Homo-: same, homeostasis, homozygous

Scientific Method Name the seven steps of the Scientific Method. 1. Problem/ Questions 2. Observation/ Research 3. Formulate a Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Collect and Analyze Results 6. Conclusion 7. Communicate Results Why is the Scientific Method important for scientific discovery? It uses evidence to support a educated guess. It can eventually become a scientific law.

Chapter 1 Beneficial for nature, not many negative effects, extinction – mammoth, giant sloth. Plants and animals domestication, habitat destruction, and soil erosion. Fossil fuels were burned, Air pollution, machines replaced human work, artificial products replaced animal products. The Ecological Footprint The Earth’s resources are shared, if societies do not use resources responsibly, the resources can be depleted or polluted.

Chapter 2 Change your hypothesis and PUBLISH ANYWAY. Economics, scientific information, value/ bias. Group that doesn’t change, standard of comparison. To express quantifiable relationships in the most precise form possible. We use tables with the decision making model to help you distinguish between positive and negative consequences. Statistics help people quantify and analyze different kinds of information, including info about the environment.

Chapter 3 Nitrogen Stratosphere Transfer of heat by currents Nitrogen is not a greenhouse gas; Water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane are all greenhouse gases. Evaporation Land near the ocean changes temperature less rapidly than land farther from the ocean because of the moderating effect of the ocean. Land loses heat more quickly at night than water.

Chapter 4 Tree branches – abiotic: not living, biotic: living Archaebacteria (methanogens – extremophiles) Bacteria: no nucleus, DNA floats in cytoplasm; Protist: nucleus, DNA is in nucleolus From carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, make food in LEAVES Energy, mineral nutrients, water, oxygen, and living organisms. Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Animal, Archaebacteria, Plants

Chapter 5 No sunlight, use other energy source It is used for normal living activities (heat loss, energy use, digest) Animals get nitrogen by eating plants, Nitrogen moves back in forth between the atmosphere and living things, and Decomposers break down organics to form ammonia. Algal bloom – eutrophic lake They are opposites – one fuels the other. Break down organic matter, they recycle nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, etc), run cycles of matter, eaten by some organisms.

Chapter 7 Must be adapted to varying levels of salinity. Phytoplankton Buffer shorelines against erosion, spawning grounds for commercially important fish and shellfish, filter pollutants. The Florida Everglades Draining wetlands to create farmland, clearing wetlands to develop housing areas, using them as landfills. Mangrove trees – stilt-like roots.

Chapter 11 Evaporation, condensation, precipitation Frozen in the polar icecaps Oil leaking from damaged tanks, heavy metals leaching through mines, untreated sewage from treatment plants Wells would all dry out. It reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen in aquatic environments. Creates and impermeable boundary, shrinks the recharge zone, water can’t reach the aquifer.

Chapter 12 Ozone Coal-burning power plants Emphysema Radon 9.0: base, 7.0: neutral, 5.0: acid Vehicle with no tailpipe emissions, no emissions from gasoline, no emission-control systems that wear out over time. Include electric vehicles, cars with advanced batteries, and vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel.

Chapter 13 Westerlies El Nino produces storms in the northern Pacific Ocean. Summer Fossil fuels, sewage, rice United States Flooding of swamps and marshlands, beach erosion, flooding of coastal cities, increased salinity in coastal waters, and the intrusion of salt water into freshwate aquifers.