Used to express less than Subjunctive Mood Used to express less than factual ideas: in general (though not always) the mood of potential, tentative, hypothetical, ideal, or even unreal action. Indicative Mood = factual action Imperative Mood = commands

Exemplī Grātiā If I were you, I would run. May I use the bathroom? If Caesar had been wise, he would not have gone to the senate.

e-ea-a-ia We fear a liar We beat a liar We fear fat friars Subjunctive Mood – Present Tense We fear a liar We beat a liar We fear fat friars We beat fat friars e-ea-a-ia

amō amās amat videō vidēs videt legō legis legit faciō facis facit Indicative Mood – Present Tense amō amās amat videō vidēs videt legō legis legit faciō facis facit dormiō dormis dormit Subjunctive Mood – Present Tense amem amēs amet videam videās videat legam legās legat faciam faciās faciat dormiam dormiās dormiat

sum es est sumus estis sunt sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint Indicative Mood – Present Tense sum es est sumus estis sunt Subjunctive Mood – Present Tense sim sīs sit sīmus sītis sint

Subjunctive Mood Independent Clauses

Hortatory/Jussive Used to show a milder command than imperative mood Only used in 1st & 3rd person (imperative mood used for 2nd person) Translate with the word “let” Uses nē to form negatives Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus “Let us live, my Lesbia, and let us love

Optative Used to show a wish (optare – to wish) Usually introduced by the conj. utinam Often translated with the words “if only,” “would that,” “may/let (pres.)”, or “might/would (impf.)” Uses nē to form negatives Utinam nē faciat! If only he may not come! Would that he may not come!

Deliberative Used to show that the subject is making a decision what to do Often translated with the word “should” Uses nōn to form negatives Quid faciam? What should I do? What am I to do?

Potential Used to show a possibility Translated with the word “would” Uses nōn to form negatives Credas non de puero scriptum sed a puero. You would think that it was written not about a boy, but by a boy.

amābam amābās amābat vidēbam vidēbās vidēbāt legēbam legēbās legēbāt Indicative Mood – Imperf. Tense amābam amābās amābat vidēbam vidēbās vidēbāt legēbam legēbās legēbāt dormiēbam dormiēbās dormiēbāt Subjunctive Mood – Imperf. Tense amārem amārēs amāret vidērem vidērēs vidēret legerem legerēs legeret dormīrem dormīrēs dormīret

eram – I was erās – you were erat – h/s/it was erāmus – we were Indicative Mood – Imperfect Tense eram – I was erās – you were erat – h/s/it was erāmus – we were erātis – you were erant – they were Subjunctive Mood – Imperfect Tense essem – I might be essēs – you might be esset – h/s/it might be essēmus – we might be essētis – you might be essent – they might be

amāvī amāvistī amāvit lēgī lēgistī lēgit dormīvī dormīvistī dormīvit Indicative Mood – Perf. Tense, Active amāvī amāvistī amāvit lēgī lēgistī lēgit dormīvī dormīvistī dormīvit Subjunctive Mood – Perf. Tense, Active amāverim amāverīs amāverit lēgerim lēgerīs lēgerit dormīverim dormīverīs dormīverit

amātus sum amātus es amātus est lectus sum lectus es lectus est Indicative Mood – Perf. Tense, Pass. amātus sum amātus es amātus est lectus sum lectus es lectus est captus sum captus es captus est Subjunctive Mood – Perf. Tense, Pass. amātus sim amātus sīs amātus sit lectus sim lectus sīs lectus sit captus sim captus sīs captus sit

How to translate the Perfect Subjunctive amāverim amāverīs amāverit I may have loved you may have loved he may have loved

amāveram amāverās amāverat lēgeram lēgerās lēgerat dormīveram Indicative Mood – Plupf. Tense, Active amāveram amāverās amāverat lēgeram lēgerās lēgerat dormīveram dormīverās dormīverat Subjunctive Mood – Plupf. Tense, Active amāvissem amāvissēs amāvisset lēgissem lēgissēs lēgisset dormīvissem dormīvissēs dormīvisset

amātus eram amātus erās amātus erat lectus eram lectus erās Indicative Mood – Plupf. Tense, Pass. amātus eram amātus erās amātus erat lectus eram lectus erās lectus erat captus eram captus erās captus erat Subjunctive Mood – Plupf. Tense, Pass. amātus essem amātus essēs amātus esset lectus essem lectus essēs lectus esset captus essem captus essēs captus esset

How to translate the Pluperfect Subjunctive amāvissem amāvissēs amāvisset I might/would have loved you might/would have loved he might/would have loved

Sequence of Tenses Verb Group Tense of Main Verb… …Subordinate Subjunctive Primary Present, Future, Or Future Perfect Present (action occurring at same time as main verb) Perfect (action occurring before the time of the main verb) Secondary/ Historical All past tenses Imperfect (action occurring at same time as or after main verb) Pluperfect (action occurring before the time of main verb)

Purpose Clauses Purposes clauses use the adverb ut (or nē) + subjunctive mood to indicate the purpose of an action. There are several ways to translate purposes clauses; however, they are often translated with the word “to” in English.

Exemplī Grātiā Marcus came to forum… …so that he might buy food Marcus ad forum ut cibum emeret vēnit. Marcus came to forum… …so that he might buy food …in order that he might buy food. …in order to buy food …that he might buy food. …to buy food.

Result Clauses Purpose Clauses answer the question: “why it was being done” Result Clauses answer the question: “what is the outcome?” Similar to purpose clauses, result clauses begin with ut; however, the main clause will contain the adverbs ita, tam, sīc (so) or the adjective tantus, -a, -um (so much, so great)

Exemplī Grātiā Tanta fēcit ut urbem servāret. He did such great things that he saved the city. Tam strēnuē labōrat ut multa perficiat. He works so energetically that he accomplishes many things.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS An indirect question is a subordinate clause which reports some question indirectly; as such it is comparable in conception to an indirect statement. The indirect question uses a subjunctive verb (not an infinitive) and is distinguished from other subjunctive clause types since it is introduced by some interrogative word such as quis/quid, quī/quae/quod (i.e.. the interrogative adjective), quam, quandō, cūr, ubi, unde,... etc; moreover the verb in the main clause is ordinarily a verb of speech, mental activity, or sense perception.

Exemplī Grātiā Quid Gaius facit? What is Gaius doing? The subjunctive verb in an indirect question is usually translated as though it were an indicative in the same tense (i.e., without any auxiliary such as may or might). Quid Gaius facit? What is Gaius doing? Quid Gaius fēcit? What did Gaius do? Rogant quid Gaius faciat. They ask what Gaius is doing. Rogant quid Gaius fēcerit. They ask what Gaius did.

Cum Clauses Temporal Clause – Used to indicate the precise time of an action with an indicative mood verb. Cum will mean when or while; or whenever with the pluperfect. Exemplī Grātiā Cum eum vidēbis eum cognoscēs. When you will see him, you will recognize him. Cum vincimus tum pācem spērās. While we are winning, you are then hoping for peace

Circumstantial Clause – Used to indicate the general circumstances of an action with a subjunctive mood verb. Cum will mean when or while; or after with the pluperfect tense. Exemplī Grātiā Cum hoc fēcisset ad tē fūgit. When he had done this, he fled to you.

Causal Clause – Used to indicate the cause of the main action with subjunctive mood verb. Cum will mean since. Exemplī Grātiā Cum hoc scīret potuit eōs iuvāre. Since he knew this, he was able to help them.

Adversative/Concessive Clause – Used to describe an event, which suggests the opposite of the main clause, with a subjunctive mood verb. Tamen will often appear in the main clause, and cum will mean although. Exemplī Grātiā Cum hoc scīret tamen mīlitēs mīsit. Although he knew this, nevertheless he sent soldiers.

Conditions Indicative Conditions Simple Fact Present Simple Fact Past Simple Fact Future (Future More Vivid) Subjunctive Conditions Contrary to Fact Present Contrary to Fact Past Future Less Vivid (“should-would”)

Simple Fact Present Action occurs in the present and most certainly occurring Sī id facit, prūdēns est. If he does this [and quite possibly does], he is wise

Simple Fact Past Occurred in the past, and most certainly did occur. Sī id fēcit, prūdēns fuit/erat If he did this [and quite possibly did] , he was wise.

Simple Fact Future/Future More Vivid Will occur in the future and most certainly will occur. Sī id faciet, prūdēns erit. If he does (will do) this [and quite possibly will] , he will be wise.

Contrary to Fact Present Imperfect subjunctive in the condition and conclusion Sī id faceret, prūdēns esset. If he were doing this [but in fact isn’t], he would be wise [but he isn’t].

Contrary to Fact Past Pluperfect subjunctive in the condition and conclusion Sī id fēcisset, prūdēns fuisset. If he had done this [but he didn’t], he would have been wise [but he wasn’t].

Future Less Vivid Present subjunctive in both the condition and conclusion Sī id faciat, prūdēns sit. If he should do this [and he may or may not], he would be wise.