Chapter 5

The Roman Republic 753–31 b.c.e. 2 consuls and the Senate paterfamilias. patron/client relationships Religion Expansion Citizenship Local governors

Failure of the Republic Social stratification Wealthy elites Slaves Huge population of poor Generals used the poor as soldiers Loyal to General not Rome Became incredibly powerful Julius Caesar Octavian Caesar (Augustus)

The Empire Non hereditary Emperors (Caesars) Urban Empire Economic stratification Towns copied Rome Trade flourished (Pax Romana) Romanization

Christianity Jews were being controlled by Rome Looking for a Messiah Jesus wanted to change some of the Jewish practices Killed him His disciples began teaching his message Peter Paul 2nd Jewish Diaspora Persecuted minority in Rome Eventually becomes accepted

Technology of Rome military and civil engineers bridge-building, ballistic weapons, aqueducts, arches domes, concrete

Decline of Rome Frequent change in rulers Raids by Germans High cost of defense Inflation Disrupted trade Diocletian Economic Reforms Split Empire Constantine Legalized Christianity Moved the Capital

Qin, 221 – 201 b.c.e. Shi Huangdi Legalist Primogeniture Slavery standardized weights and measures

Han (206 b.c.e.–220 c.e.) Confucian philosophy and Legalist techniques. Territorial expansion Chang’an Luoyang Social and economic stratification Emperor- Aloof but fearful of people – Mandate of Heaven 2 chief officials Local officials- gentry

Chinese technology cast-iron and steel crossbow, cavalry watermill horse collar Expanded communication and transportation Silk Road

Decline of the Han Empire Pressure by central Asian Nomads Expensive to defend Northern boarders Nobles became to powerful to tax and control Factionalism at court, Official corruption, Peasant uprisings

Imperial Parallels Similarities Differences family structure Land ownership Treatment of conquered people Difficult to defend boarders Economic troubles Differences China was later reunified- Rome was not