Kingdoms and Domains Linnaeus originally proposed a two kingdom system: Plants and Animals but since nobody had microscopes, nobody knew about all of the smallest forms of life biologist then discovered prokaryotes and eukaryotes there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

Review Activity: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Follow the instructions carefully: divide your chart paper in half label one side “prokaryotes” and the other side “eukaryotes” cut out the cards decide whether the card is describing a prokaryotic cell or an eukaryotic cell tape the card in the correct column on your chart paper write your names on the chart paper post chart paper on board first team to complete the activity with the most correct answers wins (!!) there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cont’d… there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cont’d… Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Has membrane bound organelles Has no membrane bound organelles Cellulose based cell wall (where a cell wall is present) Peptidoglycan based cell wall (where a cell wall is present) DNA held on linear chromosomes DNA held on circular chromosomes DNA located within the nucleus DNA contained within the cytoplasm ATP production occurs in mitochondria ATP production occurs in folded regions of the cell membrane called mesosomes Has a nucleus Does not have a nucleus Large ribosomes Small ribosomes Have a phospholipid bi-layer cell membrane May have Flagella there has been lots of debate as to how to begin classify organisms at the most general level

Domains of Life a domain is a new taxonomic rank (highest level) which classifies ALL organisms into 3 groups: Eubacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes these groups showed significant differences in their genetic makeup, which was very compelling evidence of their distinct evolutionary kinship

Domains of Life Cont’d… Cell Characteristics Other Characteristics Eubacteria prokaryotes unique cell structures, proteins and genetics more ‘primitive’ biochemistry include the traditional bacteria obtain energy in a variety of ways Archaea prokaryotes, though their genes and enzymes behave more like eukaryotes live in extreme and harsh environments (eg. extreme heat) live in anaerobic environments Eukarya eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

Kingdoms of Life Eubacteria and Archaea have their own kingdom and there are four separate kingdoms of Eukaryotes *Note:* the branches of the phylogenetic tree and the distance between shows an estimate of how closely related the groups are

Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life Eubacteria Cell characteristics: prokaryotic cells walls contain a unique compound cells are variable in shape and size Other characteristics: variety of means of obtaining food and nutrients all can reproduce asexually Escherichia coli

Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life Archaea Cell characteristics: prokaryotic cell walls and cell membranes have a unique structure most are extremely small Other characteristics: some live in extreme  environments all can reproduce asexually extreme thermophiles(organisms that thrive at high temperatures),

Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life Protista Cell characteristics: eukaryotic diverse cellular structure some have chloroplasts  and cell walls Other characteristics: heterotrophic or  photosynthetic, or both variable forms of movement usually live in moist or aquatic environments reproduce sexually and asexually Amoeba

Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life Fungi Cell characteristics: eukaryotic cell wall is  made of chitin most are multicellular cells have no chloroplasts Other characteristics: all are heterotrophic most are terrestrial reproduce sexually and asexually Mushrooms

Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life Plants Cell characteristics: eukaryotic all are multicellular cell walls are made of cellulose have chloroplasts Other characteristics: autotrophic and photosynthetic most are terrestrial reproduce sexually and asexually Conifers

Common Characteristics of the six kingdoms of Life Animals Cell characteristics: eukaryotic all are multicellular cells have no cell walls  or chloroplasts Other characteristics: all are heterotrophic most are terrestrial reproduce sexually and asexually Elephants

Virtual Lab: Exploring & Classifying Life In this virtual lab you will classify organisms into kingdoms based on their physical and behavioral characteristics.

Homework complete 1.4 questions #1-5 on page 29