Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

Essential Question What are the 4 basic structures of prokaryotic cells? Compare/Contrast plant/animal cells What are the functions of each of the organelles?

Cells Review Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope

Cells Review Organisms may be: Unicellular – have only one cell Multicellular- have many cells

Introduction to Cells Basic types of cells: Animal Cell (eukaryote) Plant Cell (eukaryote) Bacterial Cell (prokaryote)

Cells Review Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotes are bacteria- no nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes are most other cells- have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles EX-animals, plants, fungi…

Prokaryotes Review Have: Floating circular DNA (plasmids) Cell membrane Cell wall Ribosomes

Eukaryotes Review Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles

Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

Cell Review Lies inside cell wall in plant cells All prokaryotic AND eukaryotic cells have a cell membrane Separates inside from outside Lies inside cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Allows things in and out of cell

Cell membrane Recall: also known as: Phospholipid bilayer Fluid mosaic model Lipid bilayer Plasma membrane

Cell membrane Selective permeability- chooses what goes in and out otherwise inside the cell would be the same as outside the cell

Cells Review All prokaryotic and eukaryotoic cells have Cytoplasm – Cell “jelly”- houses organelles

Organelles Membrane-Bound organelles only found in Eukaryotes Localize Chemical Reactions making the cell far more efficient SMALL! Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific jobs (functions) Found throughout cytoplasm (open area with cell jelly)

“eukaryotic” means “true nucleus” The Nucleus “eukaryotic” means “true nucleus” Contains & protects the cell’s DNA Helps coordinate the division of cells Chromosomes

Nucleus Inside the nucleus: Nucleolus Genes Chromosomes Chromatin DNA

Nucleus: Control of the cell recall-DNA is the genetic information that controls the cell DNA codes for proteins which are assembled by the ribosomes

Essential Question What is the function of the nucleus? What type of cell are they found in?

Ribosomes Are NOT membrane-bound & also exist in prokaryotes Are used to manufacture proteins Granular in appearance Often found on “rough” endoplasmic reticulum*

Essential Question What is the function of the ribosomes? What type of cell are they found in?

Endoplasmic Reticulum Are folds of membranes used to package & modify proteins made by ribosomes. They also make lipids 2 types “Rough” - which is usually near nucleus and covered with ribosomes giving it its “rough” appearance. (Finishes proteins) “Smooth” - which is usually away from the nucleus (produce lipids)

Essential Question What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? What type of cell are they found in?

Mitochondria (Cell Powerhouse) Recall that enzymes are proteins So the genetic information from the DNA that codes for the proteins that are assembled by the ribosomes also form the enzymes needed by the organelles One of such organelles is the mitochondria

Mitochondria Serves as the “powerhouse of the cell” by generating chemical energy Has it’s own DNA* Can divide on its own* Site of aerobic respiration (ENERGY!!!!!)

Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy (ATP=ENERGY) Remember: folded membranes increase surface area which increases energy production

Essential Question What is the function of the mitochondria? What type of cell are they found in?

Golgi Bodies Are the post offices of the cell Modify (address) proteins & lipids and send them in packages (vessicles) throughout (or out of) the cell.

Golgi Bodies Notice the folds: helps with compartmentalization = increased efficiency The lipids and proteins produced by the RER and SER are transported to the golgi body which packages, labels, and delivers the vesicle where is needs to go in or out of the cell

Essential Question What is the function of the golgi body (golgi apparatus)? What type of cell are they found in?

Lysosomes “stomach” of the cell- break down things in the cell Small Vessicles which serve to digest particles and clean-up cells Contain Lysozyme – a powerful digestive enzyme Digests food particles Destroys worn-out organelles Self-Destructs worn-out cells

Essential Question What is the function of the lysosomes? What type of cell are they found in?

Other Organelles Flagella Cilia Whip-like motion- Tail-like projection in some prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells used for locomotion Oar-like motion- Found in eukaryotic cells used for locomotion or to move fluid over the cell body

Essential Question What is the function of the flagella? What is the function of the cilia?

Chloroplasts (Plant Cell Only) Is the “cell’s farm” - meaning food is generated here. Does this by photosynthesis - the conversion of CO2, H2O and sunlight into sugar Contain Chlorophyll - a green pigment - which does this Has it’s own DNA* Can divide on its own*

Essential Question What is the function of the chloroplast? What type of cell is it found in?

Cell Wall (plant cell only) Provides support / protection and support for plant cell Made of cellulose Cell membrane is innermost layer

Essential Question What is the function of the cell wall? What type of cell is it found in?

Vacuole- storage Plant cells Animal cell Large central vacuole Tiny vacuoles vacuole vacuole

What is the function of the vacuole? What type of cell is it found in? Essential Question What is the function of the vacuole? What type of cell is it found in?

Centriole- Animal Cell Only!!! Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide

Essential Question What is the function of the centriole? What type of cell is it found in?

Similarities between plant and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria

Differences between plant cells and animal cells Relatively smaller in size Relatively larger in size Irregular (circular) shape Regular (square) shape No cell wall Cell wall present

Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Vacuole small or absent Large central vacuole Glycogen (sugar) as food storage Starch as food storage No chloroplasts Have chloroplasts

Essential Question What are the 4 basic structures of prokaryotic cells? Compare/Contrast plant/animal cells What are the functions of each of the organelles?