Kingdom Protista

Diversity Dumping ground for organisms we don’t know what to do with

Protists Only common characteristic is all have eukaryotic cells

Classification Based on how they eat Animal-like Plant-like Fungus-like

Animal-like Protists

Protozoans – animal-like protists Heterotrophic Single-celled

Classified Based on how they move Sarcodinians Zooflagellates Ciliophorans Sporozoans

Sarcodinians “terrible flesh” – move by causing cytoplasm to flow

Example Ameba

Ameba Structure

Cell membrane Very thin and flexible, no cell wall (too stiff)

Endo and Ectoplasm Cytoplasm divided into 2 distinct layers

Pseudopodia “false foot,” extensions of an ameba formed as they move

Amoeba movement

Nucleus Controls cell’s activity

Food Vacuoles Stores food that has been engulfed

Contractile Vacuoles Pumps water out to keep cell from bursting from osmosis

Amoeba feeding https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

Sensitive to… Temperature, touch, light, chemicals

Reproduction Asexually through binary fission

Pathogenic Some amebas are parasites in intestines, cause amebic dysentery from contaminated water

Sarcodinians Zooflagellates Ciliophorans Sporozoans

Zooflagellates “animal whips,” move by flagella

Example Astasia

Astasia Structure

Pellicle Thicker, semi flexible cell membrane, retains its shape

Flagella Whip like tail that pulls the cell

Gullet and Reservoir Take in food

Food Vacuole Stores food until digested

Contractile Vacuole Pumps out excess water

Eyespot Detects light but can’t see shapes and images

Pathogenic Transmitted by tsetse flies, causes African Sleeping Sickness

Symbiotic Digests cellulose in termites, release nutrients

Sarcodinians Zooflagellates Ciliophorans Sporozoans

Ciliophorans “hair bearing,” move by beating short hair-like cilia

Example Paramecium

Paramecium Structure

Cilia Hair-like structures for movement, usually shorter and more numerous than flagella

Cilia and contractile vacuole https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Ynm5ZOW59Q

Trichocysts Defense structures

Trichocysts stun passing prey https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMWQL4B4YCA

Oral Groove and Gullet Take in food

Macro and micro nuclei Control cell function; small one involved in reproduction

Reproduction Asexually – binary fission Sexually – conjugation – exchange genetic material (micronucleus) between two paramecia

Pathogenic Rarely parasites because they move well to find food

Sarcodinians Zooflagellates Ciliophorans Sporozoans

Sporozoans “seed animal,” cannot move by themselves, parasitic

Example Plasmodium

Pathogenic Transmitted by mosquitoes, causes Malaria

Plasmodium life cycle

Review Sarcodinians Zooflagellates Ciliophorans Sporozoans

Plant-like Protists

Algae – plant-like protists Autotrophic Photosynthesis

Classified Based on cell number Unicellular Multicelluar

Unicellular Algae Dinoflagellates Diatoms Euglenoids

Dinoflagellates Two flagella for movement Most live in saltwater Cell wall of cellulose plates

Red Tide Sudden multiplying of dinoflagellates – release toxic chemicals Affects nervous system of humans and some fish

Diatoms Secrete substances for movement Most live in saltwater Cell wall of silica (glass)

Euglenoids One flagellum for movement Most live in freshwater Have no rigid cell wall

Shared characteristics both protozoa and algae traits

Protozoa – no cell wall, flagella Algae – photosynthesis (when needed)

Review Unicellular Algae Dinoflagellates Diatoms Euglenoids

Multicellular Algae Green Algae Red Algae Brown Algae

Green Algae Live in freshwater or moist soil Chlorophyll pigment for photosynthesis

Green Algae

Red Algae Live in warm saltwater Accessory pigments for photosynthesis

Red Algae

Brown Algae Live in cool saltwater Have specialized parts (air bladders) Sea weed and kelps

Brown Algae

Review Multicellular Algae Green Algae Red Algae Brown Algae

Fungus-like Protists

Mold – fungus-like protists Decomposers Live in moist places

Plasmodial Slime Molds Classified Plasmodial Slime Molds Cellular Slime Molds Water Molds

Plasmodial Slime Molds Plasmodium – feeding stage, grow large, favorable conditions

Slime Molds

Plasmodial Slime Molds Fruiting body – releases dormant spores, unfavorable conditions

Life Cycle

Cellular Slime Molds Feeding stage – small single cells that move

Cellular Slime Molds Pseudoplasmodium – clumps of haploid cells that each produce a fruiting body

Water Molds Decomposers in freshwater ecosystems