Psychology Presentation By: Juliene Duran Paez

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Presentation transcript:

Psychology Presentation By: Juliene Duran Paez Chapter 30 Conditioning & Learning: Reinforcement and Punishment in Detail Psychology Presentation By: Juliene Duran Paez

Content (Survey Questions) 30.1 Are there different types of operant reinforcement? (P. 251) 30.2 How are we influenced by patterns of reward? (P. 254) 30.3 What does punishment do to behavior? (P. 256)

Reward

Different Types of Reinforcement (1) Primary Reinforces: Non-learned Reinforces; usually those that satisfy psychological needs. Obvious examples: Food, Water & Sex Less obvious examples: Psychoactive drugs (heroin, cocaine or alcohol), Intracranial Self-stimulation (“Pleasure centers”) Intracranial Self-stimulation example: “Tickling Your Own Fancy” (P. 252, Figure 30.1)

Different Types Reinforcement (2) Secondary Reinforces: Learned Reinforces; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer. Example: Money, Praise, Attention, Approval, Affection & Grades Token reinforcer: A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips (“Chimps example”). Token economies: Systems for managing and altering behavior through reinforcement of selected responses Social reinforcer: Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person (“Shaping a Teacher”, P. 253)

Patterns of Reward From Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement Schedules of Partial Reinforcement: Rules or plans for determining which responses will be reinforced (rewarded) The 4 most basic Partial Reinforcement: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval and Variable Interval Effect on extinction Example: The rat in the skinner box

Punishment

Punishment & Behavior Punishment: Any event that follows a response and decreases Its likelihood of occurring again; process of suppressing a response. It lowers the probability that an undesired response occurs again Punisher: Any consequence that reduces the frequency of a target behavior (“Reprimanded” example) Punishments effectiveness: depends on timing, consistency and intensity Negative & Positive Punishment (Mild and Severe punishment) Downside (negative aspects) of Punishment: Aversive, Escape Learning, Avoidance Learning and Aggression

Using Punishment Wisely Reinforcement strengthens responses Non-reinforcement causes responses to extinguish Punishment Suppresses responses

Tips to avoid failing Avoid harsh punishment Use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior Apply punishment during, or immediately after; misbehavior Be consistent (to be clear about what you regard as misbehavior) Use counterconditioning Expect anger from a punished person Punish with kindness and respect

Thank you Questions?