Wartime Conferences - WWII SOCIAL 30-2 Wartime Conferences - WWII

Yalta Conference February, 1945 Re-ordering of the map of Europe To put an end to German militarism and Nazism To punish war criminals and to exact reparations To divide Germany into occupation zones Confirmed Soviet possession of Eastern Poland compensating Poland with German territory To assist countries under Allied occupation in forming democratically elected interim governments. Announced a “conference of United Nations” to be held in San Francisco in April 1945

Potsdam July, 1945 Roosevelt had passed away so new U.S. president Truman represented the USA. (Truman was openly anti-communist) Established four power occupation zones for postwar Germany. Established plans for the reordering of the German economy and German institutions. Issued an ultimatum to Japan either to surrender or risk total destruction. The decisions made at these conferences resulted in the establishment of Soviet and Western Blocs that would form the basis of a tense rivalry following the war; ultimately this contributed to a period known as the COLD WAR

WHAT NOW? LIFE AFTER THE BOMB

1945: The Superpowers Emerge To what extent does ideological conflict shape international relations? The Cold War (1945-1990) shaped the second half of the 20th century and it continues to have significant influence not only in international relations, but also in the citizenship and daily lives of people around the world The Cold War, which followed the Second World War, was an all-out political, economic, and social struggle between the USSR and the USA—for not only victory over the other, but also for influence over other nations and around the world 1945: The Superpowers Emerge

Cold War Europe; Post WWII

Stalin 1927 - March 5, 1953 Harry S. Truman April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953

When the war was over, the rivalrous US and USSR no longer had a common enemy to fight (Nazi Germany) and a reason to shelve their animosity, so resumed their conflict (ideological differences) with greater energy the division of Germany (map provided later) the Marshall Plan (400 million to Greece and Turkey) the Truman Doctrine (13 billion to all war ravaged nations)  Stalinization (satellite states as a buffer zone)

These 2 nations, were the only two nations to emerge from the Second World War stronger than before they entered it They had mobilised their vast resources for maximum effect: building more weapons and placing more citizens under arms than ever before in either nation’s history ( the McCarthy investigations) They had also expanded their territorial control and influence far beyond previous limits ...USA... Western Europe and USSR...Eastern Europe and Asia

Stalin saw postwar Soviet expansionism not only as a way to “command the world economy” but also for specific historical and geographical reasons:  Stalin wanted to keep Germany divided: a strong, unified German had invaded Russia invaded twice already in the last century. When the US, Britain, and France pushed for unifying the German zones in order to help the general economic recovery of Europe, Stalin opposed the idea...at Potsdam...  Stalin wanted to maintain or expand Soviet influence to surrounding nations, including Finland, Poland, and Romania, for its own safety.

MARCH 5, 1946 Former British P.M. Winston Churchill speaking at an American University warns that the nations of Central and Eastern Europe are being locked behind an “IRON CURTAIN”.

The Iron Curtain and a divided Germany

How The Cold War Was Fought ARMS RACE: Each side, through fear of the other built up and developed weapons in an effort to gain superiority. DEFENCE SYSTEMS In an attempt to reduce the possibility of a surprise attack defense systems were created. (i.e. NORAD) North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning and control for North America. Founded in May of1953 as the North American Air Defense Command. SPACE RACE Military control in space. ESPIONAGE An information war is fought on both sides to gain secret information through spies.

ALLIANCES Alliances are made with other countries. NATO (1949) USA Canada Western Europe Warsaw Pact (1955) USSR Eastern Europe NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

FINANCIAL AID Support of other countries was bought in the form of money or military equipment. Marshall Plan (1948) Economic aid given to Western European nations by the USA. COMECON (1949) Economic aid given to Eastern European nations by the USSR.

Expansionism and Containment Expansionism—or the attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond the nation’s borders and allies—was what both the USSR and the US would practise until the end of the Cold War. At the end of World War II, the US and the Soviet Union began to establish their “spheres of influence” in Europe For each of the superpowers, the answer to their fear was containment: the attempt to thwart another nation’s expansionism through means other than direct warfare

TRUMAN DOCTRINE (containment) New American foreign policy (1947) Keep the USSR contained and to stop the spread of communism. Marshall Plan NATO Etc.

U.S announces “containment” Containment: The policy of keeping the expansion of a hostile power or ideology in check. This policy was used by the United States to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding beyond its borders beginning in the late 1940’s

What does this cartoon say...

What beliefs and values are represented in this cartoon?