Chapter 6 Learning.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 6 Learning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus ( US )- stimulus that generates a an unconditioned response Example the meat (US) generated salivation (UR) Unconditioned Response (UR) – an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without conditioning

Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS ) - a previously neutral stimulus is matched with the unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditioned response Example – matching the bell with the meat caused the dogs to salivate Conditioned Response (CR) – Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning TRIAL The amount of times a stimulus or a pair of stimuli are together to form an association Some pairings form immediate associations, others take time

Fear and Phobia Fear and phobias can be traced back to Classical Conditioning We learn to fear We can learn not To fear

Phobia

Classical Conditioning & Emotion

Classical Conditioning & Physiological

EVALUATIVE CONDITIONING Attitudes can be changed through Classical Conditioning Advertising – matching attractive people or a pleasant experience with a product

Classical Conditioning: Acquisition Stage

Classical Conditioning: Extinction & Spontaneous Recovery

Operant Conditioning, B.F. Skinner Learning occurs because responses are influenced by the outcomes that follow them or Organisms repeat those responses that are followed by favorable consequences - Reinforcement

Cumulative Recorder Record of Response and Reinforcement Rapid response deep slope Slow response shallow slope

Operant Conditioning: Extinction Begins when reinforcement is stopped Early on a surge in response can occur Gradual decline in response until reaching zero Greater the resistance, response will continue longer Schedule of Reinforcement used during acquisition can impact resistance to extinction

Reinforcement Schedules Ratio Schedules produce more rapid responding than interval schedules - Faster responding leads to quicker reinforcement Variable Schedules generate steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction than fixed schedules

John Garcia – Taste Aversion Taste – Nausea associations almost impossible to prevent A byproduct of evolution Biologically we may be programmed to learn certain types of associations more easily than others

Preparedness – Martin Seligman Evolution has programmed organisms to acquire certain fears more readily than others Some phobias are more common than others Fear response may have survival response that has been passed down

Latent Learning Edward Tolman ( 1930’s ) Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs Learning can take place without reinforcement Latent Learning – Cognitive Map formed Learning is conditioning and cognitive

Superstition Operant Conditioning: Non-contingent Reinforcement Cognitive: behavior caused by normal cognitive errors that promote irrational reasoning

Observational Learning: Albert Bandura Being conditioned by observing another’s conditioning Extends Classical and Operant Conditioning

Observational Learning: Violence TV, Computer, and Movie violence has an impact on children Fosters violence Desensitizes: People are less sensitive to the suffering of others Predicts later aggression

Behavior Modification Identify Target Behavior Gather Baseline Data - Identify possible antecedents - determine level of response 3. Design and select strategies to increase strength 4. Execute and evaluate your program 5. Bring program to an end.