Describe the structure and functions of different parts of a plant Learning Objective To be able to: Describe the structure and functions of different parts of a plant Key Words: Tissues, leaves,

What are the names of parts a-e? Thursday, 23 May 2019 Structure of a Plant Date and title in books. You need a pen, pencil & a ruler. Starter Activity – 4 minutes What are the names of parts a-e? What is the role (job) of each part? (e)

Coloured and usually scented product of a plant. Flower Coloured and usually scented product of a plant. Fruit Product of a plant that follows the flower Stem Underground structure which feeds the plant and holds it in place Roots Leaf Part of the plant that is an offshoot of the stem and is usually green. Photosynthesis

Learning Outcomes Identify the key parts of a plant Target 1-9 Identify the key parts of a plant (F/H) Target 4-9 Describe the structure and function of roots and stem (H) Target 5-9 Explain the adaptations of different tissues and cells within a plant Extension: Application of Knowledge Target 8/9 Explain the link between transpiration and changing temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity Learning Outcomes

Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology Photosynthesis Using plants Photo credits: © 2007 Jupiterimage Corporation Teacher notes This activity provides illustrated information about the uses of plants. It could be used as a stimulus to start a wider discussion on the uses of plants, or to help emphasis the importance of photosynthesis in a wider context. More information about digitalis is available at http://www.bristol.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/digitalis/digtalis.htm.

How are plants adapted to growth? Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology Plant Growth How are plants adapted to growth? Different parts of a plant are adapted to assist its growth and survival. Flowers are adapted to enable reproduction. Stems support the plant and transport nutrients. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis, which makes materials for growth. Roots anchor the plant to the ground. They also take up water and minerals from the soil.

Which cells transport nutrients? Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology The Movement of Water in Plants Plants contain two types of cell adapted for transportation. Xylem cells transport water and minerals up the stem from the roots to the shoots and leaves. This transport occurs in one direction only. Phloem cells transport sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage tissues. The information on this slide is higher tier for Edexcel GCSE Additional Science. The cells are arranged in plants as vascular bundles. Both phloem and xylem form continuous systems connecting roots, stems and leaves.

Inside a plant stem Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology The Movement of Water in Plants Inside a plant stem Teacher notes This five-stage animation about plant stems provides a close-up view of transport tissues. Suitable prompts could include: Start: What do plants need for healthy growth? Stage 1: What are vascular bundles? Stage 2: What differences do you notice between the xylem and phloem? (Please note that the colours used to represent these tissues are to provide a contrast and do not illustrate the colours found in a plant.) Stage 3: What is transported in the xylem? In which direction do the materials travel? Stage 4: What is transported in the phloem? In which direction does glucose travel? Stage 5: Which parts of the plants do stems connect? The information on this slide is higher tier for OCR Gateway GCSE Additional Science and Edexcel GCSE Additional Science.

What are the vessels that transport water around the plant? What are the vessels that transport food around the plant? In what direction do these vessels carry the substances around the plant? Xylem Phloem Phloem – both directions Xylem – from roots to leaves

How do tall trees get enough water? Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology The Movement of Water in Plants Redwoods are the tallest species of tree in the world. The tallest redwood ever measured was 120 metres tall. That is six times the height of the Angel of the North! How does a plant this size get water from its roots to the branches at the top? Photo credit: © 2007 Jupiterimages Corporation The water will travel up the stem, or trunk, of the tree. What experiment could show that water travels up stems?

Movement of water up a stem Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology The Movement of Water in Plants Movement of water up a stem Teacher notes This two-stage animation illustrates how celery can be used to demonstrate the movement of water up a plant stem. The animation could be viewed before running a similar practical in the lab. In this demonstration, it should be emphasized that the coloured water acts as a reservoir of water and is an area of higher water concentration than the stem and air. This means water is drawn up the stem by osmosis. It should be highlighted that food colouring is used and not ink. This is because ink contains a mixture of compounds, which may diffuse up the stem at different rates. White flowers, such as carnations, could also be used to demonstrate that water travels up the plant stem. See the ‘Osmosis’ presentation for more information about osmosis.

Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology The Movement of Water in Plants What is transpiration? Plants lose water when they open the stomata in their leaves to let in carbon dioxide. A stoma can only open if there is enough water in its guard cells. This helps to prevent excessive water loss. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. Water always moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This movement of water is a type of diffusion called osmosis. Air around the plant usually contains less water than the cells of the plant, so water evaporates into the air. Teacher notes Some plants also reduce water loss by having fewer and smaller stomata on their leaves. The waxy cuticle on leaves also reduces evaporation. See the ‘Osmosis’ presentation for more information about osmosis. The information on this slide about stomata is higher tier for OCR Gateway GCSE Additional Science. Although transpiration may seem bad for plants, it actually moves water from the roots to the top of the plant, without using energy. How does this work?

Transpiration Boardworks GCSE Additional Science: Biology The Movement of Water in Plants Transpiration Teacher notes This four-stage animation uses close-up illustrations of the roots, stem and leaves to show what happens in the different part of a plant during transpiration. Suitable prompts include: Start: What is transpiration? Stage 1: How do root hair cells increase the diffusion of water? Stage 2: Which plant tissue transports water? Stage 3: Through what part of the leaf does water evaporate? Stage 4: What will happen to the water after it has evaporated into the air? See the ‘Osmosis’ presentation for more information about osmosis and concentration gradients.

Xylem Tissue Xylem tissue transport water and mineral ions from the rooms to the stem and leaves. Xylem tissues are hollow tubes with are strengthened by lignin.

Phloem Tissue Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant. The movement of these sugars through the phloem tissue is called translocation. Phloem is made of tubes with elongated cells. Cell sap can move from one phloem cell to the next through pores.