The need for Liberty and Labor AIM: Why did immigrants come to America in the late 1800s-1900s? Immigration The need for Liberty and Labor Do Now: Take a Quiz you have 5-7 min

First arrival of the Dutch in 1624 U.S. immigration patterns changed during the late 1800s as new immigrants arrived from Europe, Asia, and Mexico. Old Immigrants Arrived before 1880s Mostly from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia Mostly Protestants, but some Roman Catholics Many were skilled workers. Some settled in rural areas and became farmers. New Immigrants Came after 1880 From southern and eastern Europe; included Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Russians, and Slovaks Diverse cultures and religious backgrounds. Wanted job opportunities in cities Jackie: First arrival of the Dutch in 1624 Settled in the lower, southern part of Manhattan-out of Indian territory Dutch expansion into northern territories War erupted between Natives & Dutch Governor Kieft sentenced a handful of Natives to death Natives managed to kill all of the settlers Arrival of Peter Stuyvesant in mid 1647 as Director General of the colony of New Amsterdam Settlers knew that the Indian’s northern territory would be suitable for farming and had hopes of establishing successful tobacco plantations In 1658, Stuyvesant built a town in “Muscoota” and named it “Nieuw Haarlem” after the Dutch city of Harlem The Indian trail to Harlem's lush bottomland meadows was rebuilt by eleven black laborers on behalf of the Dutch West India Company which eventually developed into the Boston Post Road The arrival of the English in 1664 changed “Nieuw Haarlem” to “Harlem”

Immigration Centers Early Beginnings East Coast Ellis Island in New York Harbor was the busiest East Coast center. Opened in 1892 Millions of immigrants came through its center over the next 40 years. Less than 2% of arrivals were denied entrance into the country. West Coast Angel Island near San Francisco Opened in 1910 Entrance for many Chinese immigrants By law, only Chinese whose fathers were U.S. citizens were allowed into the country. South El Paso, Texas had the main processing center for immigrants from Mexico. Most settled in the Southwest. Found work in construction, steel mills, mines, and on large commercial farms Jackie: First arrival of the Dutch in 1624 Settled in the lower, southern part of Manhattan-out of Indian territory Dutch expansion into northern territories War erupted between Natives & Dutch Governor Kieft sentenced a handful of Natives to death Natives managed to kill all of the settlers Arrival of Peter Stuyvesant in mid 1647 as Director General of the colony of New Amsterdam Settlers knew that the Indian’s northern territory would be suitable for farming and had hopes of establishing successful tobacco plantations In 1658, Stuyvesant built a town in “Muscoota” and named it “Nieuw Haarlem” after the Dutch city of Harlem The Indian trail to Harlem's lush bottomland meadows was rebuilt by eleven black laborers on behalf of the Dutch West India Company which eventually developed into the Boston Post Road The arrival of the English in 1664 changed “Nieuw Haarlem” to “Harlem”

Old Immigrants resented the New Immigrants. New Immigrants came to this country for the same reasons as the Old Immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act - 1882 Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s. Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. First law to restrict immigration. Taking away jobs from Nativists (sound familiar?)

Immigrants Settle in Cities Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs Americanization—assimilate people into main culture Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills English, American history, cooking, etiquette Ethnic communities provide social support

Early Beginnings First arrival of the Dutch in 1624 Jackie: First arrival of the Dutch in 1624 Settled in the lower, southern part of Manhattan-out of Indian territory Dutch expansion into northern territories War erupted between Natives & Dutch Governor Kieft sentenced a handful of Natives to death Natives managed to kill all of the settlers Arrival of Peter Stuyvesant in mid 1647 as Director General of the colony of New Amsterdam Settlers knew that the Indian’s northern territory would be suitable for farming and had hopes of establishing successful tobacco plantations In 1658, Stuyvesant built a town in “Muscoota” and named it “Nieuw Haarlem” after the Dutch city of Harlem The Indian trail to Harlem's lush bottomland meadows was rebuilt by eleven black laborers on behalf of the Dutch West India Company which eventually developed into the Boston Post Road The arrival of the English in 1664 changed “Nieuw Haarlem” to “Harlem”

Christina: Harlem had become largely a village of shanties and remained that way until the pressure of urban population growth and the later need for living space restored value to Harlem. The impoverished village was taken over by the city of New York in 1873. Later recovery came when elevated railroads were extended to Harlem in 1880. During this time, Harlem was considered a suburb of Manhattan where affluent farms and summer homes were located.  The most reliable form of transportation from Harlem to Manhattan was by steamboat; this happened to be seasonal, as the steamboats remained docked when the rivers were frozen.  Stagecoaches provided the only other travel method and proved to be long and grueling over New York's rough roads. These transportation systems did little to encourage settlement in Harlem. A big landmark of the early to middle nineteenth century and the most important development to affect Harlem’s growth was the creation of the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, to link New York City with Harlem (the city with the suburb). The first section, along the Bowery from Prince Street north to 14th Street, opened on November 26, 1832. The New York and Harlem Railroad was one of the first railroads in the U.S, and possibly the first street railway, running north from Lower Manhattan to and beyond Harlem. (show slide of Harlem line) As transportation, commerce and industry developed and numbers of immigrants arrived, Harlem became the city's first suburb. It was considered one of the most fashionable residential areas in which to live.

TWO DIFFERENT WORLDS The wealthy lived extravagant lifestyles and considered themselves elitists. 1861= 3 millionaires / 1900 = 3,800 1900, 90% of wealth, controlled by 10% of population. The 4.7 million U.S. millionaires in 2009 = 4.1% of Population They Control 56% of Wealth in the United States

Negative Effects of Urbanization

Positive Effects of Urbanization

Immigration The future is now! Write two paragraphs (7-8 sentences each) by answering the following questions. Explain how Immigration has changed over time from old to new immigration. How is immigration viewed today? What are the complaints about it today? Do people assimilate or become more American today? What do immigrants have to offer American society? Does each different ethnic group face challenges? Describe some today. Immigration The future is now!