Critical Thinking Question Is science and scientific thinking an improvement to life, or a discouragement? Why do you think so?

The Enlightenment 22.2 & 22.3 Notes

Definition A philosophical movement of the 18th century which stressed human reasoning over blind faith or obedience and was thus in contrast with much of the religious and political order of the day, while also encouraging 'scientific' thinking.

Two Views on Government Hobbes’s Social Contract People give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. Freedom / Protection Locke’s Natural Rights All people are born with natural rights Life, liberty, and property

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Critical Thinking Question What sort of rights do you think the government SHOULD regulate, and what sort of rights do you think the government SHOULD NOT?

Two Views on Government Old Idea A monarch’s view is justified by divine right New Idea A government’s power comes from the consent of the governed

Philosophes Believed people should apply philosophy to all aspects of life Reason Truth can be found through reason and logic Prejudice should be eliminated Nature What is natural is good and reasonable There are natural laws that apply to everything Economics, politics, etc. Happiness If you lived by nature’s laws, you will find happiness Contrary to the medieval belief that misery is all there is to this world and happiness is reserved for the next world Progress A society should attempt to progress Humankind can achieve through improvement to a state of perfection Liberty Society should be free Civil Liberties – speech, religion, trade, etc.

Homework Assignment Using all 5 principles of the Philosophes. Write about how well or how poorly you are addressing your life as a student. Ex. Gipson’s life as a graduate student Reason: When learning something new in grad school, I try not to jump to conclusions about right or wrong until after I have researched a subject that professors have given me. Nature: Part of becoming a better teacher, is better understanding students, how they act, how they behave, how they are motivated, etc. so that we can educated them better. Happiness: As I better understand how to educate students, I not only experience more immediate happiness, but my feel of success is increased when I see more of my students going to college and entering wealthy career fields Progress: The act of going to grad school and getting a higher degree, is me making leaps forward to becoming a better teacher. Always growing, always getting stronger, and always making better the services I provide to students. Liberty: Thankfully I am going to a graduate institution that allows me to express my thoughts and feeling freely about certain research. Specific ideas they present I can reject, and other ideas they present I can embrace. I have the freedom to grow into the educator I want to be.

Voltaire Philosopher who fought against Intolerance Quotes What is intolerance? Quotes “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.” “Every man is guilty of all the good he never did” “It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.”

Ordered Sharing “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it.” “Every man is guilty of all the good he never did” “It is forbidden to kill; therefore all murderers are punished unless they kill in large numbers and to the sound of trumpets.”

Montesquieu and Rousseau Frenchman Believed the Fall of Rome was due to the loss of political liberties Believed that a government with 3 branches and a separation of powers was best Each branch holds different powers If one branch grows too powerful, the other two work to balance it out Basis of the American Democratic System today Jean Jacques Rousseau “Man is born free, and everywhere else he is in chains” Believed that civilization corrupts people’s natural goodness Separation of Church & State Freedom of Religion