Cell Biology & Cellular Energy Goals 2.01, 2.03, 4.01, 2.05

I. The Cell A. Cell Theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. Cells come from similar pre- existing cells .

B. 2 types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic – lack a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. a. Organelles are structures inside a cell that perform a specific function. In prokaryotic organisms the nucleus and organelles do not have a membrane around them.

b. Genetic information may be concentrated in one area but it does not have a membrane around it. c. Example: Bacteria (monerans) d. Bacterial DNA is a single, closed loop. (Circular DNA) e. Bacterial cells are very small. A microscope must be used.

2. Eukaryotic – have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles. a. DNA (chromosomes) are located inside the nucleus. b. Examples: animals, plants, fungi, and protists. c. Eukaryotic cells vary in size from very small to very large.

Turn to the back of page 1. Look at the chart. Each group will assigned a cell part. Use your book to find the info on your cell part. Put the info on a whiteboard – large enough for everyone to see. Using construction paper, make your cell part (if you have the cell wall or plasma membrane see me). If it is in both cells make 2. You will present your cell part to the class and then put it into our cells (poster board).

III. The Microscope There are 2 types of microscopes we will discuss. A. Compound microscopes use 2 lenses to focus light. B. Electron microscopes use electrons to strike an image and magnify thousands of times.

III. Parts of the Cell A. The Plasma Membrane – the cell membrane is a very dynamic structure. The lipid bilayer behaves like a fluid more than a solid. The lipids and proteins in the membrane move laterally.

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane

B. The Fluid Mosaic Model 1. Phospholipid bilayer – major lipid in the cell membrane. 2. It has a hydrophobic end (water hating) and hydrophilic end (water loving). 3. It is 2 layers thick (pg. __). The hydrophilic heads point out the hydrophobic end points in.

C. Plasma Membrane Properties Semipermeable / selectively permeable – to allow some things to pass through while keeping other things out.

IV. Transportation A. Types of solutions 1. Isotonic – when the concentration of the solution is equal to the concentration inside the cell. 2. Hypertonic – when the concentration of the solution is greater than inside the cell. 3. Hypotonic – when the concentration of the solution is less than inside the cell.

B. Transportation 1. Passive transport – no energy is used to transport materials across the plasma membrane. ( Usually from high concentration to low concentration. a. Diffusion – the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

1) Concentration Gradient – the difference in concentrations from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. 2) Osmosis – the process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration.

3) Turgor Pressure – the pressure that water exerts against the cell walls of plants. 4) Plasmolysis – in hypertonic environments, water leaves the cells. (wilting) 5) Cytolysis – the swelling and bursting of cells due to a hypotonic environment, water diffuses into the cells causing them to swell and burst.

6. Dynamic Equilibrium – when the total number of solutes in solution remains constant.

2. Active transport – transportation across the plasma membrane which requires energy. (Low to High)

V. Cell Communication Read the article printed!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration I. Photosynthesis – the changing of light energy into stored chemical energy. A. Nutrition 1. Autotrophs – organisms that produce their own food. a. Photosynthesis b. Chemosynthesis – the production of carbohydrates from inorganic molecules instead of light

2. Heterotrophs – organisms that eat other organisms to obtain nutrition

B. Light + 6H20 + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 2 Parts 1. Light Reactions – light is absorbed in chlorophyll. Chlorophyll – alight absorbing pigment. 2. Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle – produces organic compounds using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH during the light reactions. This is where CO2 is bonded into organic compounds. Glucose is formed.

IV. Cellular Respiration – the process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds. C. ATP – adenosine triphosphate – energy in the form that cells can use. D. 2 Types of Cellular Respiration 1. Aerobic – requires O2. 2. Anaerobic – does not require O2. Another name is FERMENTATION.

a. Lactic Acid Fermentation – lactic acid is produced a. Lactic Acid Fermentation – lactic acid is produced. Examples: Yogurt, cheese, sore muscles. b. Alcoholic Fermentation – ethyl alcohol is produced (and CO2).

E. Aerobic Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 ATP + 6H20 + 6CO2 1. Glycolysis – reaction in which one 6- carbon molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid. 2. Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain – it lines the mitochondria. ATP is produced.

F. Both Plants and Animals carry on respiration because they need energy.