Period 5 (1848-1877) Ch.13 AP U.S. History The Union in Peril, 1848-1861 Period 5 (1848-1877) Ch.13 AP U.S. History

Election of 1848 Zachary Taylor (W) Lewis Cass (D) Slave owner War hero Lewis Cass (D) Martin van Buren (FSP)

Sectionalist Presidents Zachary Taylor (W) (1849-1850) War hero of Mexican-American War States’ rights, but no secession Views on Slavery Slave owner No expansion of slavery Refused to sign Compromise of 1850 Died after a year in office

Compromise of 1850 Parameters Admit California as free state Mexican Cession Popular sovereignty Reinforced Fugitive Slave Law Texas/New Mexico dispute in favor of New Mexico Slave trade abolished in D.C. “I trust we shall persist in our resistance [to the admission of California] until the restoration of all our rights, or disunion, one or the other is the consequence. We have borne the wrongs and insults of the North long enough.” - John C. Calhoun

Fugitive Slave Law

Underground Railroad Mostly run by free blacks and fugitive slaves Harriet Tubman Abolitionists and white supporters Few white families in South assisted Slave catchers knowledge

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) Harriet Beacher Stowe Bestselling novel “I would write something that would make this whole nation feel what an accursed thing slavery is.” Bestselling novel Adapted as a play Fuels abolitionist guilt and rhetoric in Northern free states Impending Crisis of the South: slavery weakens southern economy with a lack of diversity and industrialization

Sectionalist Presidents Millard Fillmore (W) (1850-1853) Assumes the presidency after Taylor’s death Anti-slavery moderate Signs Compromise of 1850 Considered a weak president Looks just like actor Alec Baldwin

The Death of Compromising? The Great Triumvirate was no more by 1852 Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster A new generation of sectional and ambitious politicians assume leadership roles William Seward (W, R) Stephen Douglas (D) Jefferson Davis (D)

Election of 1852 Franklin Pierce (D) Winfield Scott (W) Pierce was the “safe compromise candidate”

Sectionalist Presidents Franklin Pierce (D) (1853-1857) Jackson Democrat from New Hampshire Politics Supported Compromise of 1850 Gadsden Purchase Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Also a weak president

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Stephen Douglas Parameters Separate Nebraska Territory into Nebraska and Kansas Each territory voted for slavery based on popular sovereignty Impact Douglas won Southern support Virtually repealed the Missouri Compromise Ended the Whig Party and Second Party System

Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861) Kansas Territory settled by two groups Free-Soilers Border Ruffians A virtual civil war between anti-slave and pro-slave local governments Sacking of Lawrence Pottawatomie Massacre President Pierce and federal government barely addressed the issue A Tragic Prelude, John Steuart Curry, 1937

Brooks-Sumner Incident May 22, 1856 Senator Charles Sumner (R) (MA) ‘Crime Against Kansas’ Speech Rep. Preston Brooks (D) (SC) Becomes a Southern hero

The Republican Party Makeup Platform: Disillusioned Northern Democrats Frustrated Conscience Whigs Free Soil Party members Platform: Increasingly against expansion of slavery Protective tariffs Homestead Act/sale of federal lands Funding for transcontinental railroad

Election of 1856 James Buchanan (D) John Fremont (R) Election results establish Republican Party as legitimate national party Millard Fillmore (KNP)

Sectionalist Presidents James Buchanan (D) (1857-1861) Yet another weak president, and this time it’s bad Supported Kansas-Nebraska Act Involved himself in Dred Scott decision Ranked as the worst president in US history consistently because of Southern secession

Scott v. Sandford (1857) IMPACT?.... 1. Scott was a slave & not a citizen -- Result: All blacks, North & South, never were citizens and can no longer be citizens! 2. Slaves could not be taken away from owners without due process of law (5th Amendment) -- Slaves could be taken into any territory and held there 3. Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional -- Congress couldn’t forbid slavery in the territories even if the territories wished it IMPACT?....

John Brown and Harpers Ferry (1859) "I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think, vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done."

Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln (R) Stephen Douglas (D) Northern Democrats John Breckinridge (D) Southern Democrats John Bell (CU) Coalition of Cotton Whigs and Know-Nothing; pledged preserving the Union